“From Low-Cost to High-Cost Shipping: Finnish Maritime Labour Costs after the Second World War”

2018 ◽  
pp. 69-78
Author(s):  
Yrjö Kaukiainen
2004 ◽  
pp. 69-75
Author(s):  
Yrjö Kaukiainen

This chapter tracks Finland’s rise from a low-cost to high-cost shipping country from the 1930s to 1980s. It emphasises the rapid transition and development of Finland’s economy by providing statistics on Finnish shipping expenses and wages, considering tonnage losses during the World Wars; discussing both The Great Depression and The Great Boom; and following the modernisation of tonnage from the 1950s.


1963 ◽  
Vol 67 (634) ◽  
pp. 651-663 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. R. Heppe

For many years, studies of various light aircraft designs have been carried on by the Lockheed-California Company in search of a vehicle that had the potential of truly generating the “air age”—a vehicle which would perform a useful service to many people, in many jobs. Shortly after the Second World War, these studies were directed along the lines of present-day light aeroplanes, but were eventually discarded upon recognition of the limited utility of these vehicles when related to general public acceptance. However, in 1959, spurred by recent developments in VTOL craft, the Lockheed research team again raised the question, “Is it possible today to develop a vehicle of low cost and with sufficient utility to reach the mass market?”


Author(s):  
Basil Mogridge

This chapter, provided by Basil Mogridge, explores the maritime labour system in twentieth century Britain. It is particularly concerned with the nature of strikes, but also explores wages, manning, crew costs, the supply and demand of maritime labour, and flag discrimination. The British system is compared and contrasted with the Norwegian system due to their historically similar approaches to maritime labour. It concludes that labour relations and labour costs were not a contributing factor to the slow growth of British shipping in the post-Second World War period, despite their negative impact after the First.


2018 ◽  
pp. 57
Author(s):  
María Pura Moreno Moreno

Resumen La condición de arquitectura alternativa apunta a procesos individualistasalejados de convencionalismos de contexto. La internacionalización de los postulados modernos condujo a la crítica a eludir en sus análisis construcciones de revitalización de una arquitectura considerada comoexcesivamente identitaria. Este artículo analiza el esfuerzo del arquitectoegipcio Hassan Fathy (1900-1989) por reivindicar, a todas las escalas, lasabiduría de la edificación tradicional durante un periodo coincidente con la modernidad occidental. La escasez de hierro y cemento en Egipto, tras la II Guerra Mundial, fomentó la recuperación de una construcción de bajo coste adaptada a las circunstancias y recursos materiales del lugar. La durabilidad de la arquitectura popular que permanecía conservada desde tiempos remotos, y sobre todo su eficacia en el control climático, fomentó en Fathy el deseo de aprendizaje de métodos y dispositivos tradicionales tanto constructivos como espaciales que fueron reinterpretados con una lectura moderna, desde el ámbito doméstico al urbano, en la morfología y materialización de sus proyectos.AbstractThe “alternative” architectural condition points to individualistic processes that give results far removed from the conventionalisms of context. The internationalization of the modern postulates led the critique to leave constructive procedures in the analyses of revitalization of an architecture considered as excessively identitarian, to one side.This article analyses the effort of the Egyptian architect Hassan Fathy (1900-1989) to defend at all levels, during a period coinciding with Western modernity, the wisdom of traditional inherited edification.The scarcity of iron and cement in Egypt, after the Second World War, boosted the recovery of a low-cost construction adapted to the climatic conditions and the material resources available locally. Popular architecture’s durability, especially its utilitarian aspect, preservedsince ancient times and, in particular, its effectiveness in climate control, inspired in Fathy the desire to learn traditional constructive and spatial devices. The questioning of the figure of the “Muallim”, or Master Mason, which had become a source of inherited knowledge, with regards vernacular constructive systems, added to his own analysis of popular architecture, gave him a knowledge of autochthonous materials and passive  mechanisms of environmental control that were reinterpreted with a modern reading in the materialization of both his domestic and urban projects.


Author(s):  
V. Baiocchi ◽  
M. Onori ◽  
M. Scuti

Abstract. Historical maps represent an important source of geographical information. The changes occurred over time can be extrapolated from them, especially if their geometric accuracies match those achievable with modern survey techniques. An 1820 map belonging to the Gregorian Cadastre provides the position of seven hermitages belonging to the monastery of Fara in Sabina (Italy). Just three of them are nowadays visible, while the others may have been covered by thick vegetation or been destroyed during the Second World War. The paper proposes the integration of geomatic techniques for the localization of the lost hermitages. To do so, Structure from Motion (SfM) algorithms were applied to UAV imagery to produce an orthophoto of the area. In addition, a GNSS survey was carried out using a professional and a low-cost receiver to correctly georeference the photogrammetric products. An accuracy assessment was then performed to evaluate the performance of the u-blox board in real applications. The accuracies obtained with the low-cost receiver indicates a possible more widespread utilization of these new devices. Subsequently, the comparison between the orthophoto and the cadastral map have been detailed. A weak correspondence between the position of the hermitages in the two maps have been observed. On the other side, the comparison led to the localization of two lost hermitages, with the other two being still undiscovered. This study has opened the door to an enhancement process of the monastery and to the rediscovery of the religious values of the hermitages.


Author(s):  
Corinna Peniston-Bird ◽  
Emma Vickers

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