Metabolic Risk and Health Behaviors in Minority Youth at Risk for Type 2 Diabetes

Diabetes and its complications are main causes of morbidity and mortality among adults in the USA. An increase in the number of individuals with diabetes is primarily attributed to changes in dietary patterns including increased consumption of obesogenic foods and beverages. Many individuals who are overweight and obese show signs of insulin resistance and are at increased risk of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and cardiovascular disease. Lifestyle interventions (i.e., physical activity and nutrition) are the cornerstone of T2DM management and prevention. Prior research attests to the health benefits of consuming nuts, which have a substantial amount of mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids, for individuals at risk for or with T2DM, and walnuts appear to be particularly promising. Walnuts are rich in nutrients, minerals, antioxidants, and vitamins that can contribute to improved cardio-metabolic risk factors in individuals at risk for or with T2DM. This review assesses the cardio-metabolic benefits of walnuts in T2DM. The authors’ review indicates that the reported effects of walnuts on glycaemic control have been inconclusive, with several studies showing association with improved glycaemic control while others show no effect. Despite their high energy density and potential to contribute to weight gain, the authors’ review suggests that walnuts can contribute to satiety without association with weight gain. This review also suggests that walnut consumption has been associated with improved low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and endothelial function but has not been associated with blood pressure improvement. Meta-analyses are warranted to quantitatively assess impact of walnut consumption on these cardio-metabolic risk factors in T2DM.

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Sleep Disturbances Are Associated with Poorer Glycemia and Increased Obesity in Youth at Risk for or with Early Type 2 Diabetes (T2D)

Diabetes ◽

10.2337/db18-1643-p ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 67 (Supplement 1) ◽

pp. 1643-P

Author(s):

BABAK MOKHLESI ◽

KARLA A. TEMPLE ◽

ASHLEY N. HOGAN ◽

SHARON EDELSTEIN ◽

KRISTEN J. NADEAU ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

At Risk ◽

Sleep Disturbances ◽

Early Type ◽

Youth At Risk

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Correlates of Depressive Symptoms in Urban Youth at Risk for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Journal of School Health ◽

10.1111/j.1746-1561.2009.00411.x ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 79 (6) ◽

pp. 286-292 ◽

Cited By ~ 31

Author(s):

Sarah S. Jaser ◽

Marita G. Holl ◽

Vanessa Jefferson ◽

Margaret Grey

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

At Risk ◽

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Depressive Symptoms ◽

Urban Youth ◽

Youth At Risk

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Coping Skills Training in a Telephone Health Coaching Program for Youth at Risk for Type 2 Diabetes

Journal of Pediatric Health Care ◽

10.1016/j.pedhc.2009.12.003 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 25 (3) ◽

pp. 153-161 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Vanessa Jefferson ◽

Sarah S. Jaser ◽

Evie Lindemann ◽

Pamela Galasso ◽

Alison Beale ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

At Risk ◽

Coping Skills ◽

Skills Training ◽

Health Coaching ◽

Coping Skills Training ◽

Youth At Risk

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The association between health behaviors in children and adolescents at risk for type 2 diabetes and their parents

Journal of the American Dietetic Association ◽

10.1016/j.jada.2004.05.156 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 104 ◽

pp. 54

Author(s):

G.D Wager ◽

P.A Cowan ◽

L.H Clemens ◽

R.R Roach

Keyword(s):

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

At Risk ◽

Health Behaviors ◽

Children And Adolescents

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Interindividual variation in cardiometabolic health outcomes following 6-months of endurance training in youth at risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism ◽

10.1139/apnm-2020-0707 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Travis J. Hrubeniuk ◽

Jacqueline L. Hay ◽

Andrea C. MacIntosh ◽

Brandy Wicklow ◽

Kristy Wittmeier ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

At Risk ◽

Interindividual Variation ◽

Moderate Intensity ◽

Heart Rate Reserve ◽

Hepatic Triglyceride ◽

Triglyceride Content ◽

Youth At Risk ◽

Vigorous Intensity

This study determined the interindividual variation in the cardiometabolic response to 6-months of moderate or vigorous intensity exercise training (ET) among youth at risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Youth were randomized to moderate intensity ET (45-55% heart rate reserve; n= 31), vigorous intensity ET (70-85% heart rate reserve; n= 37), or control (n= 36). Only those attending ≥70% of ET sessions were included. Cardiometabolic measures included insulin sensitivity, hepatic triglyceride content, visceral adipose area, and cardiorespiratory fitness. The contribution of ET to interindividual variation was determined using the standard deviation of individual responses (SDIR) and considered meaningful if the SDIR surpassed the smallest worthwhile difference (SWD), calculated as 0.2 * the standard deviation of the control group baseline values. ET meaningfully contributed to the interindividual variation among changes in VO2peak following moderate (SDIR: 2.04) and vigorous (SDIR: 3.43) ET (SWD: 1.17 ml•kg-FFM-1•min-1), body fat percentage and hepatic triglyceride content following moderate-intensity ET (SDIR: 1.64, SWD: 1.05%; SDIR: 10.08, SWD: 1.06%, respectively), and visceral fat mass following vigorous ET (SDIR: 11.06, SWD: 7.13 cm2). Variation in the changes in insulin sensitivity were not influenced by ET. The contribution of ET to interindividual variation appears to be influenced by the desired outcome and prescribed intensity. Trial Registration: Database: ClinicalTrials.gov. Identifier: NCT00755547. Novelty Bullets: - The contribution of exercise to interindividual variation following training depends on the outcome and exercise intensity. - Increasing exercise intensity does not systematically reduce non-response among youth at risk for type 2 diabetes.

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