Soft actuators are used in bilateral systems as slave-side actuators. To broaden the applications and usage of these soft actuators in teleoperated applications required high accuracy and control. This article focuses on the improvement and control of the soft actuators operated through the Internet using a glove-based gesture control system. A hand-worn sensor glove (a glove with flex sensors and accelerometers) is used to detect hand gestures (specifically bending angle and force generated in a finger while gripping a spherical object) of an operator. The operator’s finger movements are mimicked in a remote location, through the Internet, in a soft actuator. The bending angles of the human finger have converted into the pressure variations inside the actuator using a linear calibration technique. A vertically mounted actuator and a spherical object are used to demonstrate the gripping action. The main problems that occurred during the controlling of this setup are noise and delays. Electronic noise (line noise and circuit noise), mechanical noise (vibration, nonuniformities in actuator fabrication, wear, and tear), elastic effect (energy absorbed during the state transformation), communication delays (delays occurred due to geography, telecommunication infrastructure, and round trip transmission), and other noises (other environmental effects) degraded the performance. This article considered a Brownian motion model, an additive Gaussian noise model, and a Kalman filter to solve these problems. The experimentations are performed in three different locations (to demonstrate the teleoperation) and the recorded improvement in the performance is approximately 17%.
Regression to a Linear Lower Bound With Outliers: An Exponentially Modified Gaussian Noise Model
