scholarly journals Clinical and Pre-Clinical Evidence for Enteric α-Synuclein Involvement in Parkinson's Disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kochman Eliyahu M ◽  
Akhtar Kainat ◽  
Alelayawi Ali ◽  
Shin Damian S
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Clinical Evidence

Treatment of Parkinson’s Disease by MAO-B Inhibitors, New Therapies and Future Challenges - A Mini-Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (9) ◽  
pp. 847-861
Author(s):  
Della G.T. Parambi
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Clinical Evidence ◽  
Significant Rise ◽  
Glutamate Toxicity ◽  
Mao B ◽  
Pharmacokinetic Properties ◽  
Future Challenges ◽  
Non Motor Symptoms

Background: One of the most prevalent neurodegenerative diseases with increasing age is Parkinson’s disease (PD). Its pathogenesis is unclear and mainly confined to glutamate toxicity and oxidative stress. The dyskinesia and motor fluctuations and neuroprotective potential are the major concerns which are still unmet in PD therapy. Objective: This article is a capsulization of the role of MAO-B in the treatment of PD, pharmacological properties, safety and efficiency, clinical evidence through random trials, future therapies and challenges. Conclusion: : MAO-B inhibitors are well tolerated for the treatment of PD because of their pharmacokinetic properties and neuroprotective action. Rasagiline and selegiline were recommended molecules for early PD and proven safe and provide a modest to significant rise in motor function, delay the use of levodopa and used in early PD. Moreover, safinamide is antiglutamatergic in action. When added to Levodopa, these molecules significantly reduce the offtime with a considerable improvement of non-motor symptoms. This review also discusses the new approaches in therapy like the use of biomarkers, neurorestorative growth factors, gene therapy, neuroimaging, neural transplantation, and nanotechnology. Clinical evidence illustrated that MAOB inhibitors are recommended as monotherapy and added on therapy to levodopa. A large study and further evidence are required in the field of future therapies to unwind the complexity of the disease.

scholarly journals Levodopa-carbidopa enteral suspension in advanced Parkinson’s disease: clinical evidence and experience

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 171-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johan Virhammar ◽  
Dag Nyholm
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Clinical Evidence ◽  
Motor Fluctuations ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Double Blind Study ◽  
Open Label ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Duration Of Action ◽  
Substantial Impact

The duration of action of oral levodopa becomes shorter as Parkinson’s disease (PD) progresses. Patients with advanced PD may develop potentially disabling motor fluctuations and abnormal involuntary movement (dyskinesia), which cannot be managed with optimized oral or transdermal PD medications. The progressively worsening symptoms can have a substantial impact on the patient quality of life (QoL). Levodopa–carbidopa intestinal gel (LCIG) is delivered continuously via a percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy with a jejunal extension (PEG-J). LCIG is licensed for the treatment of levodopa-responsive advanced PD in individuals experiencing severe motor fluctuations and dyskinesia when available combinations of antiparkinsonian medications have not given satisfactory results. Initial evidence for the efficacy and tolerability of LCIG came from a number of small-scale studies, but recently, three prospective studies have provided higher quality evidence. A 12-week double-blind comparison of LCIG with standard levodopa therapy, a 52-week open-label study extension of the double-blind study, and a 54-week open-label safety study, demonstrated significant improvements in ‘off’ time and ‘on’ time without troublesome dyskinesia, and QoL measures that were maintained in the longer term. There are also observations that LCIG may be effective treatment for nonmotor symptoms (NMS) although the evidence is limited. There is a need for further research on the efficacy of LCIG in reducing NMS, dyskinesia and improving QoL. This review surveys the clinical evidence for the effectiveness and tolerability of LCIG in the management of advanced PD and highlights some practical considerations to help optimize treatment.

Prospective association between emotional health and clinical evidence of Parkinson’s disease

2008 ◽  
Vol 15 (11) ◽  
pp. 1148-1154 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Ishihara-Paul ◽  
N. W. J. Wainwright ◽  
K.-T. Khaw ◽  
R. N. Luben ◽  
A. A. Welch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Clinical Evidence ◽  
Emotional Health ◽  
Prospective Association

scholarly journals Benefits of Vitamins in the Treatment of Parkinson’s Disease

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiuzhen Zhao ◽  
Ming Zhang ◽  
Chunxiao Li ◽  
Xue Jiang ◽  
Yana Su ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Clinical Evidence ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Vitamin Supplementation ◽  
Biological Functions ◽  
Resting Tremor ◽  
Abnormal Posture

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease in the elderly, which is clinically characterized by bradykinesia, resting tremor, abnormal posture balance, and hypermyotonia. Currently, the pathogenic mechanism of PD remains unclear. Numerous clinical studies as well as animal and cell experiments have found a certain relationship between the vitamin family and PD. The antioxidant properties of vitamins and their biological functions of regulating gene expression may be beneficial for the treatment of PD. Current clinical evidence indicates that proper supplementation of various vitamins can reduce the incidence of PD in the general population and improve the clinical symptoms of patients with PD; nevertheless, the safety of regular vitamin supplements still needs to be highlighted. Vitamin supplementation may be an effective adjuvant treatment for PD. In this review, we summarized the biological correlations between vitamins and PD as well as the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms. Additionally, we elaborated the therapeutic potentials of vitamins for PD.

Neuroprotective agents in Parkinson's disease: clinical evidence and caveats

2004 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. S1-S17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas D. Hälbig ◽  
Winona Tse ◽  
C. Warren Olanow
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Clinical Evidence ◽  
Neuroprotective Agents

Opicapone for Parkinson’s disease: clinical evidence and future perspectives

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clémence Leung ◽  
Olivier Rascol ◽  
Margherita Fabbri
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Clinical Evidence ◽  
Open Label ◽  
Once Daily ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Long Acting ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Disease Stages ◽  
Off Time

Since 2016, opicapone (OPC), a potent third-generation, long-acting, once-daily, peripheral catechol-O-methyltransferase inhibitor, is approved as add-on to levodopa in Parkinson’s disease patients with motor fluctuations. OPC 50 mg has showed to be able in reducing OFF time by an average of about 60 min daily compared with placebo, to further reduce OFF-time of about 39 min, when switched from ENT to OPC and to be safe. These beneficial effects of OPC were maintained for 1 year. Recently, several post hoc analysis and few pilot observational open-label studies, have suggested its efficacy and wider applicability for different phenotypes of motor complications and for Parkinson’s disease stages. Here we review OPC applicability and perspectives, in the light of the more recently published analysis.

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