scholarly journals Hazardous area classification for wheat flour processing plant

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 172
Author(s):  
Mohd Aizad Ahmad ◽  
Muhammad Naqib Saifullah Noor Azman ◽  
Zulkifli Abdul Rashid
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Flour ◽  
Basic Element ◽  
Dust Explosion ◽  
Processing Plant ◽  
Basic Operation ◽  
Hazardous Area ◽  
Plant Area ◽  
Common Unit ◽  
Area Classification ◽  
Hazardous Zone

Dust explosion possibly occurs in common unit operations such as mills, grinders, dryers, and other modes of transport. The basic element for the setting of hazardous zone types consist of identifies release sources, determination of classification region of hazardous area, overviewing the basic operation in wheat flour processing plant with their specification requirement and use of a suitable code or calculations to determine area scope. Therefore, this analysis can be more elaborate by classifying the hazardous area into several areas using the International Electro Technical Commission System for Certification to Standards Relating to Equipment for Use in Explosive Atmospheres standard. Thus, wheat flour processing plant area classification can be categorized according to three zones based on the quantity of an explosion into atmosphere and its release frequencies which are zones 20, zones 21, and zones 22. From the results, it can be summarized that zone 20 is almost inside or closer one with the main equipment located near the ignition source which could lead to dust explosion, whereas zone 21 and zone 22 comes after zone 20 which is a less hazardous area as compared to zone 20 areas.

CFD predictions for hazardous area classification

2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrey Oliveira de Souza ◽  
Aurélio Moreira Luiz ◽  
Antônio Tavernard Pereira Neto ◽  
Antônio Carlos Brandao de Araujo ◽  
Heleno Bispo da Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hazardous Area ◽  
Area Classification

A new correlation for hazardous area classification based on experiments and CFD predictions

2018 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrey O. Souza ◽  
Aurelio M. Luiz ◽  
Antonio T. P. Neto ◽  
Antonio C. B. Araujo ◽  
Heleno B. Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Correlation ◽  
Hazardous Area ◽  
Area Classification

scholarly journals The application of CFD software in the explosive hazardous area classification

2018 ◽  
Vol 247 ◽  
pp. 00053
Author(s):  
Andrzej Krauze
Keyword(s):  
Fluid Dynamics ◽  
Computational Fluid Dynamics ◽  
Linear Equations ◽  
Computer Software ◽  
Numerical Algorithms ◽  
Transport Equations ◽  
Time Step ◽  
Hazardous Area ◽  
Area Classification ◽  
Control Volumes

This article is devoted to the practical application of CFD Computational Fluid Dynamics software, as a tool helpful in the explosive hazardous area classification. The practical examples will be discussed, which show that use of computer software for the simulation of gas emissions or the simulation of vapors of flammable liquids, allows not only visualization, but also improvement the quality of following conclusions received during the explosive hazardous area classification. The Computational Fluid Dynamics is a branch of physics which deals with solving transport equations for given boundary conditions using numerical methods. The solution is found by dividing the analyzed space into a specified number of small control volumes (cells). At the same time, time period is divided into short steps. Then, for each of the cells at each time step, the transport equations are converted into the system of linear equations. Such systems are solved using appropriate numerical algorithms.

scholarly journals 3D Modeling of Transformer Substation Based on Mapping and 2D Images

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lei Sun ◽  
Xuesong Suo ◽  
Yifan Liu ◽  
Meng Zhang ◽  
Lijuan Han
Keyword(s):  
Laser Scanner ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Complex Data ◽  
Mapping Data ◽  
Transformer Substation ◽  
Hazardous Area ◽  
3D Databases ◽  
Different Shapes ◽  
Area Classification ◽  
2D Images

A new method for building 3D models of transformer substation based on mapping and 2D images is proposed in this paper. This method segments objects of equipment in 2D images by usingk-means algorithm in determining the cluster centers dynamically to segment different shapes and then extracts feature parameters from the divided objects by using FFT and retrieves the similar objects from 3D databases and then builds 3D models by computing the mapping data. The method proposed in this paper can avoid the complex data collection and big workload by using 3D laser scanner. The example analysis shows the method can build coarse 3D models efficiently which can meet the requirements for hazardous area classification and constructions representations of transformer substation.

Classification of Hazardous Area and Selection of Explosion - Proof Equipment in Iron Steel Company

2013 ◽  
Vol 353-356 ◽  
pp. 2277-2280
Author(s):  
Lin Zhi Fu ◽  
Yu Feng Li ◽  
Gang Li
Keyword(s):  
Release Rate ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Electrical Equipment ◽  
Secondary Source ◽  
Hazardous Area ◽  
Temperature Group ◽  
Speed Up ◽  
Hazardous Zone

According to the international standard, main problems lying in the process of hazardous zone classification were emphatically analyzed. The source of release was determined in light of its release frequency and duration, namely the continuous source, primary source and secondary source. Considering the effect of release rate, LEL, density, ventilation, obstacles, and meteorological conditions on the classification of the hazardous area, it could be found that the hazardous zone would expand as the release rate increased with lower explosion limit. The gas that was heavier than air covered larger hazardous areas than the lighter gas. Besides, ventilation might speed up the diffusion so as to reduce the scope the hazardous zone; obstacles prevented the diffusion so that concentration of partial gas increased and then the danger level increased; wind at high speed quickened the diffusion to decrease the range of dangerous area. Finally, explosion-proof electrical equipment was selected rationally according to the type of explosive gas and temperature group.

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