Rehearsal of Temporal Visual Information

1984 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 215-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michel Guay ◽  
Craig R. Hall
Keyword(s):  
Retention Interval ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Context Effects ◽  
Cognitive Strategies ◽  
Cognitive Strategy ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Retention ◽  
Counting Strategy ◽  
Retention Characteristics ◽  
Mental Counting

This study compared the short-term retention characteristics of temporal information when subjects experienced time under either subject-defined or experimenter-defined rehearsal. Subjects were presented visual durations of 1 and 4 sec. and then required to reproduce these durations following a 15-sec. retention interval. To help maintain the durations in memory, subjects were asked to use either a conscious cognitive strategy or a mental counting strategy. It was predicted that experimenter-defined rehearsal would show less forgetting, as measured by variable error, but this prediction was not supported. There also was no evidence of any response bias or context effects in the temporal reproductions. These results were compared with two previous studies that utilized similar cognitive strategies.

Short-Term Retention of Temporal Information under a Mental Counting Cognitive Strategy

1983 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 415-420 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michel Guay ◽  
R. B. Wilberg
Keyword(s):  
Retention Interval ◽  
Constant Error ◽  
Cognitive Strategy ◽  
Time Estimation ◽  
Temporal Information ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Retention ◽  
Variable Error ◽  
Retention Characteristics ◽  
Mental Counting

The main purpose was to determine the short-term retention characteristics of temporal information when subjects experienced time under a time-aiding technique for time estimation, i.e., subjects were instructed to use a mental-counting cognitive strategy. Visual durations of 1 and 4 sec. were estimated by 12 subjects under the method of reproduction. Six levels of retention interval were used, viz., immediate reproduction, self-paced reproduction, 15 sec. of rest, 30 sec. of rest, 15 and 30 sec. of interpolated activity, i.e., counting backwards by threes. The variable error was used to evaluate effects of forgetting. When subjects hold durations of 1 and 4 sec. in memory for a period of 15 or 30 sec. with or without interpolated activity, they become more variable than if they recall the item immediately or at their own pace. The constant error was used as an index of bias. Subjects overestimated the 1 sec. and underestimated the 4 sec. durations. The results were compared with a prior study done under a conscious cognitive strategy for time estimation, i.e., subjects were instructed to refrain from employing time-aiding techniques.

Short-Term Retention of Temporal Visual Information

1983 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 139-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michel Guay ◽  
R. B. Wilberg
Keyword(s):  
Retention Interval ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Cognitive Strategy ◽  
Time Estimation ◽  
Temporal Information ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Retention ◽  
Variable Error ◽  
Retention Characteristics

The main purpose was to determine the short-term retention characteristics of temporal information when subjects experienced time under a conscious cognitive strategy for time estimation, i.e., subjects were instructed to refrain from employing time-aiding techniques. Visual durations of 1 and 4 sec. were estimated by 12 subjects under the method of reproduction. Six levels of retention interval were used, viz., immediate reproduction, self-paced reproduction, i.e., the subjects were allowed to recall whenever they wished, 15 and 30 sec. of rest, and 15 and 30 sec. of interpolated activity, i.e., counting backwards by threes. The variable error was used to evaluate effects of forgetting. When subjects held a duration of 4 sec. in memory for a period of 15 or 30 sec. of rest, they became more variable than when they recalled the item immediately, at their own pace or when the duration to be remembered was only 1 sec. long. When an interpolated task was required during the retention interval, its variability was similar to the results obtained under an unfulfilled retention interval for both durations. The presence of an interaction between duration and retention interval under the variable error was explained in terms of memory.

Immediate Reproduction of Temporal Information under Four Cognitive Strategies

1983 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 375-381 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michel Guay ◽  
Robert B. Wilberg
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Strategies ◽  
Cognitive Strategy ◽  
Time Estimation ◽  
Temporal Information ◽  
Auditory Cues ◽  
Retention Characteristics ◽  
Two Measures ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Mental Counting ◽  
Measures Of Performance

The main purpose was to determine the retention characteristics of temporal information when subjects experienced time under a retention interval of immediate reproduction and various cognitive strategies for time estimation. Four levels of cognitive strategy were used, viz., conscious, mental counting, counting aloud without auditory cues, and counting aloud with auditory cues. The latter three cognitive strategies were experimenter-defined, time-aiding techniques. Subjects were instructed to refrain from employing time-aiding techniques under a conscious cognitive strategy for time estimation. Visual durations of 1, 2, and 4 sec. were estimated by 12 subjects under the method of reproduction. Two measures of performance were computed, viz., variable and constant errors. The general conclusions were: (a) the effectiveness of mental counting, counting aloud without auditory cues, and counting aloud with auditory cues as cognitive strategies over conscious cognitive strategy in terms of variability depends on the duration used, and (b) in terms of accuracy and variability an increase in the number of cues under time-aiding techniques does not necessarily produce better performance.

Short-Term Memory for Duration of Movement

1984 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 331-334 ◽  
Author(s):  
Digby Elliott ◽  
Ruth Jones
Keyword(s):  
Retention Interval ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Temporal Information ◽  
Visually Guided ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Term Retention ◽  
Retention Characteristics ◽  
Visually Guided Movements ◽  
Memory For Duration

This study examined the short-term retention characteristics of temporal information about visually guided movements. Subjects attempted to recall a preselected movement of a particular duration either immediately or after an unfilled or filled retention interval. Subjects did not benefit from an opportunity to rehearse information about duration of movement over the interval. This finding supports a decay model of forgetting for temporal information about visually guided movements.

Short-Term Retention of Temporal Auditory Information

1982 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michel Guay
Keyword(s):  
Retention Interval ◽  
Constant Error ◽  
Time Estimation ◽  
Auditory Information ◽  
Response Uncertainty ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Retention ◽  
Variable Error ◽  
Retention Characteristics ◽  
Retention Intervals

To determine the short-term retention characteristics of temporal information when subjects experienced time under a conscious cognitive strategy for time estimation, i.e., subjects were instructed to refrain from employing time-aiding techniques, auditory durations of 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 32 sec. were estimated by 30 subjects by reproduction. Five levels of retention interval were used, viz., immediate reproduction, 30-sec. rest, 30-sec. interpolated activity with a response uncertainty of 0 bit per response, 30-sec. interpolated activity with a response uncertainty of 1 bit per response, and 30-sec. interpolated activity with a response uncertainty of 2 bits per response. Variable error evaluated effects of forgetting. When subjects hold durations of 8, 16, and 32 sec. in memory for a 30-sec. rest or 30-sec. interpolated activity, they become more variable than if they recall the item immediately. The variabilities between the 30-sec. rest and the 30-sec. interpolated activity retention intervals were similar. Two explanations for the presence of an interaction between duration and retention interval under the variable error were suggested. The constant error was used as an index of bias. Immediate reproduction of the retention interval had less mean constant error than 30-sec. rest retention under the 8-, 16-, and 32-sec. durations. That particular result was explained in perceptual terms.

Hyperstriatal Lesions and Short-Term Retention of Non-Visual Information in Pigeons

1985 ◽  
Vol 37 (2b) ◽  
pp. 121-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Euan M. Macphail ◽  
Steve Reilly
Keyword(s):  
Visual Information ◽  
Delayed Response ◽  
Control Performance ◽  
Unoperated Control ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Retention ◽  
Central Sets ◽  
Retention Intervals ◽  
Response Task ◽  
Delayed Response Task

Short-term retention of non-visual information was investigated using three series of hyperstriatal-lesioned and unoperated control pigeons. Neither retention (Experiment 1) nor acquisition (Experiment 3) of go/no-go alternation was disrupted by the lesions. Similarly, Experiments 2 and 5 failed to detect significant disruption of either retention or acquisition of spatial alternation. Increases in the retention intervals used in these tasks reduced accuracy in both groups but did not differently affect hyperstriatal as opposed to control performance. A lasting deficit was, however, obtained in a delayed-response task (Experiment 4), but this deficit, which was independent of retention interval, appeared to be the result, not of a disruption of memory, but of an exaggerated perseverative tendency. Experiment 6 confirmed that all three series of hyperstriatal birds showed disruption of reversals of a spatial discrimination. It is concluded that hyperstriatal lesions do not disrupt memory processes, and the hypothesis that hyperstriatal damage induces perseveration of central sets is discussed.

Short-term retention of visual information: Evidence in support of feature-based attention as an underlying mechanism

2015 ◽  
Vol 66 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Markus H. Sneve ◽  
Kartik K. Sreenivasan ◽  
Dag Alnæs ◽  
Tor Endestad ◽  
Svein Magnussen
Keyword(s):  
Visual Information ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Retention ◽  
Feature Based

Team Practice Schedules: What Do We Know?

1998 ◽  
Vol 87 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lori Rhodenizer ◽  
Clint A. Bowers ◽  
Maureen Bergondy
Keyword(s):  
Retention Interval ◽  
Team Learning ◽  
Individual Learning ◽  
Practice Effect ◽  
Work Environments ◽  
Distributed Practice ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Practice Schedule ◽  
Practice Schedules ◽  
Term Retention

Given the prevalence of teams in many work environments, it is important to determine the practice schedules that optimize their learning. Thus, the effect of practice schedule on team learning was investigated. Teams practiced under either a massed or distributed practice schedule and were tested under a short-term or longer-term retention interval. These results support the distribution of practice effect for team learning; however, the results suggest that the known benefits for longer-term retention that distributed practice has on individual learning may not apply to learning by 2-person teams under the present conditions.

Proactive Interference and Intertrial Interval in Short-Term Retention of Temporal Visual Information

1986 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 839-846 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michel Guay
Keyword(s):  
Proactive Interference ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Time Estimation ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Term Retention ◽  
Retention Intervals ◽  
Variable Errors

The main purpose was to examine the role of proactive interference in temporal short-term memory when subjects experienced time under a conscious cognitive strategy for time estimation, made without time-aiding techniques. Visual durations of 1, 4, and 8 sec. were estimated by 18 subjects under the method of reproduction. Three retention intervals were used: immediate reproduction, 15, and 30 sec. of rest. The three intertrial intervals were immediate, 15, and 30 sec. Constant error was used as an index of bias. The constant errors provided no indication that proactive interference was operating in temporal short-term memory. The lack of proactive interference was not associated with intertrial intervals; even when the intertrial intervals were shortened to 1 sec. no proactive interference was observed. Variable error was used to evaluate effects of forgetting. The variable errors for the 4- and 8-sec. durations seemed amenable to a trace-decay explanation.

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