Understanding the Effects of Structured Note-taking Systems for Video-based Learners in Individual and Social Learning Contexts

Video-based learning is widely adopted by online learners, yet, learning experience and quality may be negatively affected by asynchronous and remote natures of video-based learning. As note-taking is a common practice employed by video-based learners and is known to be an effective way to trigger active construction and processing of knowledge, yet as a meta-skill, it is challenging to most learners. In this study, we aim to approach the goal of providing cognitive and social scaffolds to video-based learners by structuring their note-taking process. We presented and evaluated structured note-taking systems designed for learners in two contexts, namely, individual learning context and social learning context. With an online controlled study involving 43 participants, we compared the structured note-taking systems with two baseline systems (for individual learning and social learning contexts respectively) and found that structured note-taking significantly improved certain aspects of video-based learning such as and higher cognitive engagement and lower distraction. We discussed our results to inform the design, iteration, and adoption of note-taking tools in video-based learning.

Individual Learning Accounts: A Comparison of Implemented and Proposed Initiatives

Access to lifelong learning opportunities has long been discussed in terms of the economic benefits conferred by access to and engagement in further education by members of the labor force, particularly within the global knowledge economy. However, equitable access to lifelong education opportunities, particularly for low-skilled adults in the labor force, has been lacking. The Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) identified three models for funding adult learning: (1) individual learning accounts, (2) individual savings accounts, and (3) training vouchers. The current study discusses examples of these models, either proposed or implemented, across four countries or economic blocks—France, Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States. In addition, to understand the importance of providing funding for education and training to adults with low levels literacy skills, we use data from the Program for the International Assessment for Adult Competencies (PIAAC) to compare participation in adult education and training (AET) by literacy skill levels. In all countries examined, adults with low literacy skills participated in AET at lower rates than those with middle and high levels of literacy skills. To be successful in reaching adults most in need of skill upgrading, financing models need to provide adequate funds for meaningful skill upgrades, have well-structured information sources (e.g., websites) that are easily navigated by the target population, and include policies to screen educational providers for program quality.

Investigating the Online Game-based and Group-Based Flipped Online Learning of Drug Abuse Prevention on Learning Achievement Among Grade 10 Students in Bangkok, Thailand

This study was examined the effect of the online Game-based learning versus the Group-Based Flipped Classroom online learning experiences about drug abuse prevention on the learning achievement among grade 10 students in Bangkok, Thailand. Classroom action research was implemented among grade 10 students at high school in Bangkok selected through purposive. Two comparable classrooms were assigned to either the online game-based learning or group-based flipped online learning for 2 weeks. The instruments employed in the study consisted of: (1) a flipped classroom model with online group investigation, (2) an online game-based model as individual learning, (3) the learning achievement—drug abuse prevention cognitive test. Independent t-test was analyzed to test the effectiveness of the two interventions. It revealed there was a significant difference in the learning achievement of drug abuse prevention given to those who were exposed to online game-based learning and those who were exposed to group-based flipped classroom online learning (t= 3.945, n1= 43, n2= 39, p= 0.000). From the study, high school students who were exposed to the online game-based learning performed better to those exposed to group-based flipped classroom online learning. Teachers are to encourage students to use individual learning to improve performance.

Early knapping techniques do not necessitate cultural transmission

Early stone tools are claimed to be the earliest evidence for the cultural transmission of toolmaking techniques, and with it, cumulative culture. This claim has ostensibly been supported by experimental studies wherein modern humans learned stone tool production (knapping) in conditions that provided opportunities for cultural transmission. However, alternative hypotheses propose that individual learning was sufficient for the expression of early knapping techniques. In order to evaluate this possibility, the capacities of individuals to independently re-innovate early knapping techniques need to be determined. For this, individuals must be tested in cultural isolation, i.e., in a test condition in which knapping techniques cannot be culturally transmitted via demonstrations or reverse engineering. Here, we report on the results of this test condition with human participants (N = 28). Naïve individuals spontaneously re-innovated various early knapping techniques, resulting in products resembling the earliest core and flake technologies. These results contradict previous hypotheses and conclusions of earlier experiments that explicitly implicated cultural transmission in Oldowan stone tool production. They suggest instead that knapping techniques among pre-modern hominins could have been individually derived rather than necessitating cultural transmission.

Dopaminergic challenge dissociates learning from primary versus secondary sources of information

SummarySome theories of human cultural evolution posit that humans have social-specific learning mechanisms that are adaptive specialisations moulded by natural selection to cope with the pressures of group living. However, the existence of neurochemical pathways that are specialised for learning from social information and from individual experience is widely debated. Cognitive neuroscientific studies present mixed evidence for social-specific learning mechanisms: some studies find dissociable neural correlates for social and individual learning whereas others find the same brain areas and, dopamine-mediated, computations involved in both. Here we demonstrate that, like individual learning, social learning is modulated by the dopamine D2 receptor antagonist haloperidol when social information is the primary learning source, but not when it comprises a secondary, additional element. Two groups (total N = 43) completed a decision-making task which required primary learning, from own experience, and secondary learning from an additional source. For one group the primary source was social, and secondary was individual; for the other group this was reversed. Haloperidol affected primary learning irrespective of social/individual nature, with no effect on learning from the secondary source. Thus, we illustrate that neurochemical mechanisms underpinning learning can be dissociated along a primary-secondary but not a social-individual axis. These results resolve conflict in the literature and support an expanding field showing that, rather than being specialised for particular inputs, neurochemical pathways in the human brain can process both social and non-social cues and arbitrate between the two depending upon which cue is primarily relevant for the task at hand.

Institutionalisierung und Transformation: Bildungs- und Lernprozesse in und von (Protest-)Bewegungen

The corona-pandemic demonstrates that times of crisis are characterized by their specific dynamic especially through their social and political processing. They are often accompanied by an increased or more visible civil society engagement. This can result in further social changes, such as protests or demonstrations resulting in political or media debates. The actors involved – e. g. the current Fridays for Future movement - are important for the targeted change, as well as the organizational structures and the context (opportunity structures) that determines civil society actions. What significance do social movements have for sustainable (social) development and to what extent can they be understood as social and individual learning or educational spaces? In this paper, I present central theoretical strands of the research on social movements and their development. Then I focus on the associated learning and educational processes in and for movements and the actors involved. The example of ecological movements and Fridays for Future illustrates how social transformation and individual engagement and learning are related to one another.

The Influence of the Use of Cooperative Learning Models, Individual and Learning Motivation in Improving Student Learning Outcomes

The purpose of this research to determine the effect of learning outcomes between cooperative and individual learning models applied to Class VII students in Civics subjects at SMP Negeri 1 Trenggalek, knowing the difference in learning outcomes between students who have high motivation, high learning and students who have low motivation in Class VII students in Civics subjects at SMP Negeri 1 Trenggalek and know the interaction between cooperative learning models, individual and learning motivation on the learning outcomes of Class VII students in Civics subjects at SMP Negeri 1 Trenggalek. The analysis used using data analysis used in this study is to use two-way analysis of variance techniques. The results of the study explain that there are differences in the learning outcomes of class VII students who are taught using the cooperative method compared to students who are taught using individual learning at SMP Negeri 1 Trenggalek. There are differences in the learning outcomes of class VII students who have high learning motivation compared to class VII students who have low motivation at SMP Negeri 1 Trenggalek. There is an interaction between the application of cooperative learning methods and class students' learning motivation on the learning outcomes of class VII students at SMP Negeri 1 Trenggalek, where classes that apply cooperative learning methods to students who have high motivation have better learning outcomes.

Design of learning scenarios based on learning styles according to the KOLB model

The term learning style refers to the concept of individual differences in which teaching or learning mode is most effective for them. Proponents of learning style assessment believe that optimal teaching requires diagnosing individual learning styles and adjusting teaching accordingly. The assessment of learning styles usually requires people to assess what kind of information presentation they like and/or the mental activities they find most attractive or suitable, although the assessment tools are very diverse, in this article we will propose a pedagogical scenarios 'design adapted to different learning style.