scholarly journals Morphological peculiarities of the trigeminal nerve roots and ganglia in human fetus

2013 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-15
Author(s):  
Th. Dimitropoulou ◽  
C. Dănălache ◽  
P. Bordei ◽  
D.M Iliescu
Keyword(s):  
Trigeminal Ganglion ◽  
Trigeminal Nerve ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Fiber Bundles ◽  
Trigeminal Ganglia ◽  
Transverse Diameter ◽  
Anatomical Landmarks ◽  
Nerve Roots ◽  
Motor Root ◽  
Sensory Root

AbstractThe study of the intracranial traject of the trigeminal nerve was performed through a dissection of 40 human fetuses whose ages ranged between 4 and 9 months. We examined: the apparent origin of the nerve, the traject, stating the length and width of the roots and of the triangular plexus, the antero-posterior width of the trigeminal ganglion and its transverse diameter, measured between the two extremities (horns). The anatomical landmarks were considered left versus right for each fetus and the trigeminal ganglia were studied only in terms of macroscopy: form and relations. We found that the sensory root length increases greatly between the fourth and the fifth month (more than 1 mm), from six to seven months the root length present a stagnation and in the eighth month its increase in length is very significant, about 4 mm, while in the ninth month we also recorded an increase of about 2 mm. The motor root may have two separate fiber bundles, both as cylinders, which can be present from the apparent origin and up to the mandibular nerve; near their origin of the two bundles are separated by nervous tissue. The trigeminal ganglia has, most often, a semilunar aspect, thus justifying its name. Other times it may be irregular, triangular or quadrilateral (rectangular). There are situations when the trigeminal ganglion shows three lobes, each corresponding to one of its three terminal branches.

Detailed anatomy of the intracranial portion of the trigeminal nerve

1971 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 592-600 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristin Gudmundsson ◽  
Albert L. Rhoton ◽  
Joseph G. Rushton
Keyword(s):  
Posterior Fossa ◽  
Trigeminal Nerve ◽  
Sensory Loss ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Third ◽  
Trigeminal Nerves ◽  
Motor Root ◽  
Sensory Root ◽  
Fine Print

✓ Fifty trigeminal nerves were studied at autopsy under various magnifications. Two findings that could explain the preservation of sensation after rhizotomy of the main sensory root are: 1) anastomosis between the motor and sensory root in the majority of nerves, and 2) aberrant sensory rootlets that arose from the pons separately from the main sensory root in one half of the nerves. The motor root is composed of as many as 14 separately originating rootlets that usually join about 1 cm from the pons. At the pontine level, the first division fibers are usually dorsomedial and the third division fibers caudolateral within the main sensory root. However, the third division fibers may vary from being almost directly lateral to directly caudal to the first division fibers. This may explain the variability of sensory loss with partial section in the posterior fossa.

Nerve cells in the intracranial part of the trigeminal nerve of man and dog

1971 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 643-646 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kamal Mousa Mira ◽  
Ibrahiem Abou Elnaga ◽  
Hassanein El-Sherif
Keyword(s):  
Trigeminal Nerve ◽  
Proximal Part ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Nerve Cells ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Specific Location ◽  
Nerve Bundles ◽  
Motor Root ◽  
Sensory Root ◽  
Fine Print

✓ Nerve cells histologically similar to the ganglionic cells of the trigeminal nerve were observed in the proximal part of the sensory root and in the motor root of the human trigeminal nerve. They were also seen in the sensory root of the trigeminal nerve of the dog. Counting of the nerve fibers showed doubling of the number of nerve fibers in the three divisions compared with the fibers in the sensory root adjacent to the trigeminal ganglion. There was also an increase in the number of fibers within the sensory root as it courses centrally, while a decrease was seen in the number of fibers in the proximal part of the motor root. Intermediate nerve bundles were seen leaving the motor root near the pons and joining the sensory root centrally. The fibers of the sensory root corresponding to each peripheral division maintained their specific location in the sensory root during the whole course centrally.

Detailed anatomy of the motor and sensory roots of the trigeminal nerve and their neurovascular relationships: a magnetic resonance imaging study

2004 ◽  
Vol 101 (3) ◽  
pp. 427-434 ◽  
Author(s):  
Indra Yousry ◽  
Bernhard Moriggl ◽  
Markus Holtmannspoetter ◽  
Urs D. Schmid ◽  
Thomas P. Naidich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Trigeminal Nerve ◽  
Mr Angiography ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Cerebellar Artery ◽  
Motor Root ◽  
Sensory Root ◽  
Angiography Sequences ◽  
Fine Print

Object. The trigeminal nerve conducts both sensory and motor impulses. Separate superior and inferior motor roots typically emerge from the pons just anterosuperomedial to the entry point of the sensory root, but to date these two motor roots have not been adequately displayed on magnetic resonance (MR) images. The specific aims of this study, therefore, were to identify the superior and inferior motor roots, to describe their exact relationship to the sensory root, and to assess the neurovascular relationships among all three roots of the trigeminal nerve. Methods. Thirty-three patients and seven cadaveric specimens (80 sides) were studied using three-dimensional (3D) Fourier transform constructive interference in steady-state (CISS) imaging. The 33 patients were also studied by obtaining complementary time-of-flight (TOF) MR angiography sequences with and without contrast enhancement. At least one motor root was identified in all sides examined: in 51.2% of the sides a single motor root, in 37.5% two motor roots, and in 11.2% three motor roots. The superior cerebellar artery (SCA) and the anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA) contacted the sensory root in 45.5% of patients and 42.9% of specimens. The SCA often contacted the superior motor root (48.5% of patients and 50% of specimens) and less frequently the inferior motor root (26.5% of patients and 20% of specimens). Conclusions. Three-dimensional CISS and complementary 3D TOF MR angiography sequences reliably display sensory, superior motor, and inferior motor roots of the trigeminal nerve and their relationships to the SCA and AICA.

Subdivision of the trigeminal sensory root

1971 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 585-591 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Frank Emmons ◽  
Albert L. Rhoton
Keyword(s):  
Trigeminal Nerve ◽  
Rhesus Monkeys ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Sensory Nucleus ◽  
Trigeminal Root ◽  
Spinal Nucleus ◽  
Degeneration Techniques ◽  
Rostral Portion ◽  
Motor Root ◽  
Sensory Root

✓ In 16 rhesus monkeys, rhizotomy of the whole trigeminal nerve and selective rhizotomy of each division were carried out, and neural degeneration techniques used, to determine whether a trigeminal root component exists which projects only to the main sensory or spinal nucleus of the trigeminal nerve. Such a root component was not found. Section of the rostral trigeminal fibers resulted in degeneration in both the main sensory nucleus and the spinal trigeminal nucleus. Section of the caudal fibers of the root produced degeneration similar to third division transection, indicating that the caudal fibers are from that division. The first- and third-division fibers were found to project to the ventral and dorsal portions of the main sensory nucleus and spinal nucleus. Findings showed that the most rostral portion of the root immediately adjacent to the motor root is predominately from the ophthalmic division. Some proprioception from the trigeminal area appears to be mediated through the medial cuneate nucleus because all the trigeminal divisions send some fibers to this nucleus.

Nerve Splitting and Vascular Transposition for Trigeminal Neuralgia Attribute to Nerve Penetrating Trigeminocerebellar Artery: 2-Dimensional Operative Video

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yukihiro Goto ◽  
Takuro Inoue
Keyword(s):  
Trigeminal Neuralgia ◽  
Trigeminal Nerve ◽  
Basilar Artery ◽  
Nerve Root ◽  
Ethical Standards ◽  
Nerve Decompression ◽  
Cerebellar Artery ◽  
Trigeminal Nerve Root ◽  
Motor Root ◽  
Sensory Root

Abstract The trigeminocerebellar artery (TCA) is an infrequent anatomic anomaly of the branches originating from the basilar artery. It is clinically identifiable by the presence of the ipsilateral superior cerebellar artery and the anterior inferior cerebellar artery, and its course from the basilar artery to the cerebellar hemisphere. Because of its anatomic proximity to the trigeminal nerve root, the TCA often causes trigeminal neuralgia (TGN). Unlike other common arteries, repositioning the TCA is not always feasible when it penetrates the trigeminal nerve root (the intraneural type of TCA). In addition, the rich perforators originating from the TCA may limit its movability. The nerve decompression technique in such a rare condition has not yet been fully assessed. In this video, we present the nerve-splitting method for the intraneural type of TCA, in which sufficient isolation of the sensory root is achieved. The motor root of the trigeminal nerve originates from the brainstem slightly rostral of the root entry zone of the sensory root. Dissecting the motor root from its exit to the porous trigeminus allows mobilization of the root together with penetrating TCA away from the sensory root. The movability of the TCA increases by dissecting its perforators to the nerve root and brain stem. Sufficient separation of the sensory root contributes to ensuring the surgical result of nerve decompression and reducing the risk of recurrence due to adhesion. No complications of motor root retraction, such as masseter weakness and malocclusion, were noted in our experience.  All data identifying the patients were anonymized. All procedures performed in this study were in accordance with the ethical standards of our institutional and national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. This study also obtained approval from the ethics committee of our institution. Written informed consent was obtained from all individual participants, as well as their first-degree relatives, included in this study.

Posterior Cervical Keyhole Laminoforaminotomy: A Cadaveric Comparative Study to Evaluate Limits of Bony Resection

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 607-613 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed B Bayoumi ◽  
Selim Berk ◽  
Ibrahim E Efe ◽  
Elif Gulsah Bas ◽  
Melissa Duran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Nerve Root ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Maximal Length ◽  
Nerve Roots ◽  
Surface Areas ◽  
Lateral Portion ◽  
The Right ◽  
Cervical Roots

Abstract BACKGROUND The posterior cervical keyhole (KH) laminoforaminotomy has been described to involve the lateral portion of cervical laminae of the upper vertebra alone (small KH) or of both upper and lower vertebrae (large KH). OBJECTIVE To microscopically compare the two keyhole techniques in terms of their ability to expose the corresponding cervical roots. METHODS Ten cadaveric specimens were operated bilaterally from C3-4 to C6-7 level to expose a total of 80 nerve roots. The large KH was applied to the left side, the small KH to the right side. The maximal length of exposed nerve roots was measured under microscope. The virtual optimal KH surface area was determined using digital software. Each root was inspected for exposure of its root and axilla. RESULTS The maximal exposed nerve root length on the large KH side was significantly larger than on the small KH side at C3-4, C5-6, and C6-7 levels (P = .031, P = .002, P = .003). No significance was reported for C4-5 (P = .06). We could expose right axillae in (3/40) and left axillae in (33/40; P < .001). Optimal keyhole surface areas were 37.9, 38.2, 38.7, and 46.2 mm2 in craniocaudal order. CONCLUSION Large KH defects involving both upper and lower laminae and facets can expose the roots to greater extent than small KH defects at C3-4, C5-6, and C6-7 levels. Large KH defects may allow better exposure of nerve roots axillae than small KH defects.

scholarly journals Induction and Inhibition of Apoptosis by Pseudorabies Virus in the Trigeminal Ganglion during Acute Infection of Swine

2001 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 469-479 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nuria Alemañ ◽  
Marı́a Isabel Quiroga ◽  
Mónica López-Peña ◽  
Sonia Vázquez ◽  
Florentina H. Guerrero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Trigeminal Ganglion ◽  
Pseudorabies Virus ◽  
Acute Infection ◽  
Light And Electron Microscopy ◽  
Inflammatory Cells ◽  
Trigeminal Ganglia ◽  
Morphological Studies ◽  
Infected Cells ◽  
Induced Apoptosis

ABSTRACT We examined the ability of pseudorabies virus (PRV) to induce and suppress apoptosis in the trigeminal ganglion during acute infection of its natural host. Eight pigs were intranasally inoculated with a virulent field strain of PRV, and at various early times after inoculation, the trigeminal ganglia were assessed histologically. PRV-infected cells were detected by use of immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization, and apoptosis was identified by in situ terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling. Light and electron microscopy was also used for morphological studies. Apoptosis was readily detected among infiltrating immune cells that were located surrounding PRV-infected neurons. The majority of PRV-infected neurons did not show morphological or histochemical evidence of apoptosis, even including those neurons that were surrounded by numerous inflammatory cells and exhibited profound pathological changes. However, neuronal virus-induced apoptosis also occurred but at a sporadic low level. These findings suggest that PRV is able to block apoptosis of infected trigeminal ganglionic neurons during acute infection of swine. Furthermore, our results also suggest that apoptosis of infiltrating inflammatory cells may represent an important viral mechanism of immune evasion.

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