Assessment of the usefulness of image reconstruction in the oblique and double-oblique sagittal planes for magnetic resonance imaging of the canine cranial cruciate ligament

Abstract Introduction The aim of the study was to determine the quality and significance of the magnetic resonance image of the canine knee after reconstruction in the oblique and double-oblique sagittal plane. This reconstruction and 3D images are rarely used in common protocols due to the longer study time they require. The study aimed to demonstrate significance for such diagnostic images in specific sequences in order to stimulate consideration of their more frequent use in diagnosis of diseases of the cruciate ligament in dogs. Material and Methods All tests were carried out using an open magnetic resonance tomography scanner with magnetic field induction. The images obtained from the 30 canine patients examined were reconstructed and evaluated by independent appraisers. Statistical analysis was performed. Results The study showed that MRI of the stifle joint using 3D sequences provides higher quality images of the cranial cruciate ligament in dogs. The results of the statistical analysis showed that multi-faceted reconstruction allows the secondary determination of the oblique imaging planes and obtains images of adequate quality. Conclusion It can be concluded that multi-faceted reconstruction facilitates the secondary determination of oblique imaging planes. This reconstruction additionally makes images available of better quality compared to the 2D sequence.

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Diagnostic accuracy of a short-duration 3 Tesla magnetic resonance protocol for diagnosing stifle joint lesions in dogs with non-traumatic cranial cruciate ligament rupture

BMC Veterinary Research ◽

10.1186/1746-6148-9-40 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 40 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Vladimir Galindo-Zamora ◽

Peter Dziallas ◽

Davina C Ludwig ◽

Ingo Nolte ◽

Patrick Wefstaedt

Keyword(s):

Magnetic Resonance ◽

Diagnostic Accuracy ◽

Short Duration ◽

Cruciate Ligament ◽

3 Tesla ◽

Cranial Cruciate Ligament ◽

Stifle Joint ◽

Ligament Rupture ◽

Cruciate Ligament Rupture ◽

Cranial Cruciate Ligament Rupture

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Comparison of High-field and Low-field Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Stifle Joint Disorders in Dogs

Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences ◽

10.1515/pjvs-2016-0085 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 19 (3) ◽

pp. 663-670 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

A. Przeworski ◽

Z. Adamiak ◽

J. Głodek

Keyword(s):

Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽

Magnetic Resonance ◽

High Field ◽

Cruciate Ligament ◽

Resonance Imaging ◽

Cranial Cruciate Ligament ◽

Stifle Joint ◽

Low Field ◽

Secondary Damage ◽

Magnetic Strength

AbstractThe most common cause of hindlimb lameness in dogs is cranial cruciate ligament rupture. In 48-77.3% of the population this trauma leads to secondary damage of the meniscus. Depending on the magnetic strength of the used device, different diagnostic accuracy can be achieved. The examination sensitivity of magnetic resonance imaging is affected by many factors which are independent of diagnostic strength, such as correct positioning of the patient, size of the stifle joint examined, or selection of the right protocol of sequences. Sensitivity of meniscus damage detection was 100% and 90%, respectively, in high- and low-field magnetic resonance. The best results were reported during examination of the stifle in dogs above 10 kg b.w. at a flexion angle of 145°, and in sagittal and dorsal planes. Regardless of the magnetic strength applied, imaging of the whole cranial cruciate ligament is difficult. Moreover, MRI allows the detection of the first signs of osteoarthritis, which were observed 4 and 6 weeks after rupture of the cranial cruciate ligament using high and low-field MRI. This also applies to lesions in the subchondral bone or a bone marrow which occurred in association with insufficiency of the stifle joint, and were mainly localized in the epiphysis of the femur and tibia. The present article provides a comparison of different examination protocols and images of damaged stifle structures, such as menisci, ligaments and bones of the stifle joint visualized with low-field and high-field magnetic resonance. Magnetic resonance arthrography is also discussed.

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Magnetic resonance imaging and arthroscopy of a discoid lateral meniscus in a dog

Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology ◽

10.1055/s-0038-1632681 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 14 (02) ◽

pp. 90-94 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

J. Scheidegger ◽

H. Nötzli ◽

U. Rytz ◽

S. Ohlerth ◽

J. Lang

Keyword(s):

Magnetic Resonance ◽

Cruciate Ligament ◽

Lateral Meniscus ◽

Magnetic Resonance Tomography ◽

Joint Effusion ◽

Discoid Lateral Meniscus ◽

Discoid Meniscus ◽

Cranial Cruciate Ligament ◽

Low Field ◽

Hindlimb Lameness

SummaryFor the first time in veterinary literature, magnetic resonance and arthroscopic features of a discoid lateral meniscus in a dog are described. A 15-monthold Labrador Retriever with a history of mild intermittent left hindlimb lameness was referred to our clinic. Physical examination revealed mild joint effusion of the left stifle and absence of a cranial drawer motion and tibial compression test. Survey radiographs demonstrated mild joint effusion and peri-articular new bone formation. Low-field magnetic resonance tomography of the left stifle joint demonstrated injury of the cranial cruciate ligament and a discoid lateral meniscus. Two weeks later, arthroscopy revealed a partial tear of the cranial cruciate ligament with mild synovitis. Furthermore, some fibres inserted abnormally cranial to the inter-meniscal and cranial tibial ligament of the medial meniscus. The lateral meniscus was discoid in shape. Subsequent arthrotomy confirmed the diagnoses. Discoid meniscus is a rare finding in the dog with unknown clinical relevance whereas it is well known in humans.A 15-month-old Labrador Retriever with mild left hindlimb lameness, mild joint effusion of the left stifle but without signs of stifle instability is presented in this report. Low-field magnetic resonance tomography demonstrated injury of the cranial cruciate ligament and a discoid lateral meniscus. Subsequent arthroscopy and arthrotomy confirmed these findings. A literature review on discoid meniscus in humans and in dogs is presented.

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Validation of stress magnetic resonance imaging of the canine stifle joint with and without an intact cranial cruciate ligament

American Journal of Veterinary Research ◽

10.2460/ajvr.75.1.41 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 75 (1) ◽

pp. 41-47 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Giovanni Tremolada ◽

Matthew D. Winter ◽

Stanley E. Kim ◽

David Spreng ◽

Antonio Pozzi

Keyword(s):

Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽

Magnetic Resonance ◽

Cruciate Ligament ◽

Resonance Imaging ◽

Cranial Cruciate Ligament ◽

Stifle Joint ◽

Canine Stifle

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Biomechanical Properties of the Stifle Joint Lateral Collateral Ligament in Dogs

Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology ◽

10.1055/s-0038-1633103 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 05 (04) ◽

pp. 158-162 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

D. Blackketter ◽

J Harari ◽

J. Dupuis

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Cruciate Ligament ◽

Lateral Collateral Ligament ◽

Biomechanical Properties ◽

Fibular Head ◽

Joint Stability ◽

Collateral Ligament ◽

Cranial Cruciate Ligament ◽

Stifle Joint

Bone/lateral collateral ligament/bone preparations were tested and structural mechanical properties compared to properties of cranial cruciate ligament in 15 dogs. The lateral collateral ligament has sufficient stiffness to provide stifle joint stability and strength to resist acute overload following fibular head transposition.

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Effect of Suture Type on Stifle Joint Biomechanics After Extra-Articular Repair of Cranial Cruciate Ligament Transection in the Dog

Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology ◽

10.1055/s-0038-1633270 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 4 (04) ◽

pp. 144-149 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

M. S. Bauer ◽

W. E. Blevins ◽

W. R. Widmer ◽

Jaqueline Davidson ◽

S. W. Aiken ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cruciate Ligament ◽

Tibial Tuberosity ◽

Cranial Cruciate Ligament ◽

Stifle Joint ◽

Ligament Rupture ◽

Cruciate Ligament Rupture ◽

Before And After ◽

Joint Biomechanics ◽

Cranial Cruciate Ligament Rupture

SummaryThe effect of two suture types, monofilament polybutester and braided polyester, on stifle joint biomechanics after extra-articular repair of cranial cruciate ligament rupture was evaluated by analysis of the instant centre of motion. The instant centres of motion and resulting velocity vectors were determined radiographically on both stifles of eight fresh canine cadavers before and after cranial cruciate ligament transection. After ligament transection, all 16 stifles were repaired with an extra-articular technique utilizing a double strand of suture placed between the lateral fabella and the tibial tuberosity. One stifle on each cadaver was repaired with each suture type. The instant centres of motion and resulting velocity vectors were re-evaluated post repair. All stifles had normal instant centres of motion prior to transection of the cranial cruciate ligament. Neither ligament transection nor extra-articular repair with either suture type resulted in an abnormal change in the instant centre of motion.

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Arthroscopic Articular Cartilage Scores of the Canine Stifle Joint with Naturally Occurring Cranial Cruciate Ligament Disease

Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology ◽

10.1055/s-0040-1719064 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Kimberly A. Agnello ◽

Kei Hayashi ◽

Dorothy Cimino Brown

Keyword(s):

Articular Cartilage ◽

Cruciate Ligament ◽

Cartilage Damage ◽

Meniscal Tear ◽

Trochlear Groove ◽

Cranial Cruciate Ligament ◽

Stifle Joint ◽

Naturally Occurring ◽

Medial Meniscal Tear ◽

Severity Scores

Abstract Objective This study aimed to evaluate frequency, location and severity of cartilage pathology in dogs with naturally occurring cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) disease. Study Design Stifle arthroscopic video recordings (n = 120) were reviewed. A modified Outerbridge classification system (MOCS) (0–4) was used to score cartilage at 10 locations in the femorotibial (medial and lateral femoral condyles and tibial plateaus) and patellofemoral compartments (proximal, middle and distal locations of the patella and femoral trochlear groove) of the stifle joint. Synovial pathology was scored and the presence of a medial meniscal tear was recorded. A Kruskal–Wallis test was used to evaluate association of location and synovitis with cartilage score; and presence of meniscal tear with cartilage and synovitis scores. Bonferroni correction was utilized and p < 0.05 was considered significant. Results Cartilage pathology and synovitis were identified in all joints. Overall cartilage severity scores were low (median MOCS 1). The median MOCS of the proximal trochlear groove (2) was significantly higher than all other locations evaluated. Higher synovitis scores were significantly associated with higher cartilage severity scores and a medial meniscal tear had no association with cartilage severity scores or synovitis. Conclusion Arthroscopic articular cartilage lesions are common in dogs with CCL disease at the time of surgical intervention, although the severity of cartilage damage is mild. The proximal trochlear groove of the femur had the most severe cartilage score in the stifle joint.

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Use of the modified Insall Salvati method for determination of vertical patellar position in dogs with and without cranial cruciate ligament rupture considering the morphology of the cranio-proximal tibia

Acta Veterinaria Brno ◽

10.2754/avb201281040403 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 81 (4) ◽

pp. 403-407 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Dávid Kňazovický ◽

Valent Ledecký ◽

Marián Hluchý ◽

Marek Ďurej

Keyword(s):

Cruciate Ligament ◽

Patellar Ligament ◽

Insertion Point ◽

Cranial Cruciate Ligament ◽

Ligament Rupture ◽

Cruciate Ligament Rupture ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Healthy Dogs ◽

Cranial Cruciate Ligament Rupture

The aim of this study was to evaluate if the modified Insall Salvati (IS) method can be applied for the canine patient despite differences of proximal tibial morphology, and if such potential differences are also seen in dogs with cranial cruciate ligament rupture. Insall Salvati method is a simple and convenient method for determination of the vertical position of patella, by dividing the length of patella by length of the patellar ligament. The influence of the variable proximal tibial morphology on the modified (IS) index was measured and the value of modified IS index in healthy dogs (n = 25) was compared with dogs with cranial cruciate ligament rupture (n = 26). Medio-lateral radiographs of 102 stifles were evaluated. Patellar ligament length (PLL), patellar length (PL), modified IS ratio and the height of insertion point of patellar ligament on tibial tuberosity were measured. Data of the IS ratio were compared with the value of the height of the insertion point with no significant difference (P = 0.36). There was no significant difference (P = 0.07) in the PLL:PL ratio between dogs affected or unaffected with cranial cruciate ligament rupture. Based on the results of this study we can conclude that the morphology of the cranio-proximal tibia and the height of insertion point of the patellar ligament do not have an influence on the value of the modified IS index both in healthy dogs and in dogs with cranial cruciate ligament rupture.

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Reducing susceptibility artefacts in magnetic resonance images of the canine stifle following surgery for cranial cruciate ligament deficiency

Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology ◽

10.3415/vcot-12-03-0031 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 25 (06) ◽

pp. 488-497 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

J. Grierson ◽

C. R. Lamb ◽

F. H. David

Keyword(s):

Magnetic Resonance ◽

Tibial Plateau ◽

Cruciate Ligament ◽

Magnetic Resonance Images ◽

Proton Density ◽

Mr Images ◽

Cranial Cruciate Ligament ◽

Metallic Implants ◽

Image Ranking ◽

Canine Stifle

SummaryBackground: Magnetic resonance (MR) images of the postoperative canine stifle are adversely affected by susceptibility artefacts associated with metallic implants.Objectives: To determine empirically to what extent susceptibility artefacts could be reduced by modifications to MR technique.Methods: Three cadaveric limbs with a tibial plateau levelling osteotomy (TPLO), tibial tuberosity advancement (TTA), or extra-capsular stabilization (ECS) implant, respectively, were imaged at 1.5T. Series of proton density and T2-weighted images were acquired with different combinations of frequency-encoding gradient (FEG) direction and polarity, stifle flexion or extension, echo spacing (ES), and readout bandwidth (ROBW), and ranked. The highest rank (a rank of 1) corresponded to the smallest artefact.Results: Image ranking was affected by FEG polarity (p = 0.005), stifle flexion (p = 0.01), and ROBW (p = 0.0001). For TPLO and TTA implants, the highest ranked images were obtained with the stifle flexed, lateromedial FEG, and medial polarity for dorsal images, and craniocaudal FEG and caudal polarity for sagittal images. For the ECS implant, the highest ranked images were obtained with the stifle extended, a proximodistal FEG and proximal polarity for dorsal images, and craniocaudal FEG and cranial polarity for sagittal images.Clinical significance: Susceptibility artefacts in MR images of postoperative canine stifles do not preclude clinical evaluation of joints with ECS or TTA implants.Part of this study was presented at the Annual Meeting of the American College of Veterinary Radiology, Albuquerque, NM, October 2011.

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