INTRODUCTION
Changes in some forms of motivational-emotional behavior, learning and memory are thought to be characteristic for major depressive disease. However, results existing until today about the character of changes in motivational-emotional and exploratory behavior as well as character of disorders in declarative memory, accompanying major depressive disease, are not unambiguous. Therefore, studying them in animal models of depression is very topical and important.
METHODS
Experiments were conducted on adult white wild rats (with 250-300 g weight). “Depressive” and “non- depressive” rats were selected according to the level of immobility in forced swim test. Rats with low level of immobility, “non-depressive” rats, constituted control group and rats with high level of immobility, “depressive” rats, constituted the experimental group (10 rats in each).
Changes of motivational-emotional and exploratory behavior were studied in open field test.
The changes of learning and memory were studied in the fear motivated one trial passive avoidance test considered as the declarative memory test. Experiments were carried out on “non-depressive”, control and “depressive”, experimental groups (10 rats in each).
Obtained results were processed statistically by Student’s t-test.
RESULTS
Sharp decrease in locomotion was found in rats with high level of immobility. It was manifested in a significant decrease of the number of crossed squares. The quantitative indices of vertical activity, vertical standings, head risings, were also sharply decreased. Fear reaction was considerably increased in “depressive” rats, manifested in the significant decrease of the number of entering in the center of open field and grooming and sharp increase in defecation rate.
Investigation of the changes of learning and memory in the passive avoidance test has shown that the latency of entering from the light into dark section of passive avoidance camera, in the learning session, was sharply increased in “depressive” rats. They revealed an impaired ability to evaluate the level of danger coming from the brightly illuminated open area and therefore they do not hurry to escape from the dangerous section. The difference between “depressive” and “non-depressive” rats was maintained even after 24 hours from receiving a painful stimulation. In particular, the animals of control group remember that they have received a painful stimulation in dark section during learning session and do not enter there during testing session, whereas the experimental animals with considerable delay but still enter in the dark section during testing session, therefore, they show significant impairment of declarative memory in passive avoidance task.
CONCLUSIONS
Locomotor and exploratory behavior are impaired and fear motivation is increased in the open field in “depressive” rats with high immobility and low level of monoamines content in the brain. Learning and memory in one of the tests of declarative memory, so called passive avoidance task, is disturbed.
Effects of rivastigmine and memantine alone and in combination on learning and memory in rats with scopolamine-induced amnesia
