Detailed measurements of the flow field within the entire 2nd stage of a two stage axial turbomachine are performed using Particle Image Velocimetry. The experiments are performed in a facility that allows unobstructed view on the entire flow field, facilitated using transparent rotor and stator and a fluid that has the same optical index of refraction as the blades. The entire flow field is composed of a “lattice of wakes”, and the resulting wake-wake and wake-blade interactions cause major flow and turbulence non-uniformities. The paper presents data on the phase averaged velocity and turbulent kinetic energy distributions, as well as the average-passage velocity and deterministic stresses. The phase-dependent turbulence parameters are determined from the difference between instantaneous and the phase-averaged data. The distributions of average-passage flow field over the entire stage in both the stator and rotor frames of reference are calculated by averaging the phase-averaged data. The deterministic stresses are calculated from the difference between the phase-averaged and average-passage velocity distributions. Clearly, wake-wake and wake-blade interactions are the dominant contributors to generation of high deterministic stresses and tangential non-uniformities, in the rotor-stator gap, near the blades and in the wakes behind them. The turbulent kinetic energy levels are generally higher than the deterministic kinetic energy levels, whereas the shear stress levels are comparable, both in the rotor and stator frames of references. At certain locations the deterministic shear stresses are substantially higher than the turbulent shear stresses, such as close to the stator blade in the rotor frame of reference. The non-uniformities in the lateral velocity component due to the interaction of the rotor blade with the 1st stage rotor-stator wakes, result in 13% variations in the specific work input of the rotor. Thus, in spite of the relatively large blade row spacings in the present turbomachine, the non-uniformities in flow structure have significant effects on the overall performance of the system.
Estimation of blade loads for a variable pitch vertical axis wind turbine from particle image velocimetry
