Abstract
Background and Aims
Hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis (HCMA) due to renal tubular acidosis is a common complication in kidney transplant recipients(KTR). Potential renal dysfunction, rejection, ischemia, persistent hyperparathyroidism, calcineurin inhibitors (CNIs), etc. have been identified as causes but have not been fully proven, and whether HCMA is a determinant of poor graft prognosis in KTR is still controversial. The purpose of this study is to elucidate the actual mechanism of HCMA in KTR.
Method
HCMA was defined as follows: i) simple strong ion difference (SID) Na-CL, which is the most dominant metabolic factor in physicochemical approach for acid-base balance, is 34 or less, or â…±) the alkalizing drugs have been started after the KT to correct HCMA. And all the cases of having diarrhea from mycophenolate mofetil(MMF), and gastroenterocolitis from cytomegalovirus infection were excluded. The study group consisted of 47 KTRs who underwent living-kidney transplantation(KT) at our hospital as well as a control group of 43 of the matched donors. Among them, a total of 26 KTRs received the renal hemodynamic studies which were based on urinary clearance of inulin and para-aminohippuric acid 1year after KT. 1) The incidence of HCMA in KTR at 3 months(3m) and 1 year(1y) after KT were examined. 2) To elucidate factors related to HCMA in KTR at 1y, we comprehensively examined factors and compared HCMA groups with non-HCMA groups; donor and recipient background (gender, age, body size), immunological factors, information on transplant surgery, salt and protein intake, effective buffering factors for extracellular body fluids such as albumin and hemoglobin, serum calcium and phosphate concentrations and their ratios, administration of renin-angiotensin system inhibitors and diuretics,Tac trough level and Banff score of each histopathological lesion in 1y biopsy. As for the 26 KTRs who received the renal hemodynamic studies, glomerular filtration rate (GFR), renal plasma flow (RPF), filtration fraction(FF) (GFR/RPF) and pre-/post-glomerular vascular resistance (pre-/postVR) calculated from the Gomez' equations were also analyzed.
Results
1) The incidence of HCMA in the KTR at 3m was 51% (24/47), which was much higher than the 6.9% (3/43) in those donors (p<0.001), and the range of odds ratios (vs donor) adjusted by the background factors (age,gender, estimated GFR, albumin and hemoglobin) was 6.7-15.7 (p=0.0001-0.001). The incidence of HCMA in KTR at 1y decreased to 34%. 2)The univariate analysis of HCMA in KTR at 1y compared with non-HCMA showed an increase in RPF (p= 0.016), a decrease in post-VR (p= 0.003), and a decrease in FF (p= 0.0001), suggesting an increase in post-glomerular peritubular blood flow. In addition, the aah lesion score, an indicator of CNI vasculopathy, was also significantly higher in the HCMA (p = 0.015). There was no difference in Tac trough levels between HCMA and nonHCMA, and no independent factors were found by multivariate analysis. All cases with HCMA were classified into low post-VR (Fig.1). Furthermore, in low post-VR alone (n= 15), the Tac trough level at 1y was significantly higher in the HCMA (p= 0.002) (Fig.2).
Conclusion
In kidney transplant recipients, increased post-glomerular peritubular blood flow is a key condition for the development of CNI-induced renal tubular acidosis. The presence of HCMA suggests that it is probably not a serious condition, but rather a desirable hemodynamic state, however, more attention should be paid not to elevate CNI concentration levels in such conditions.
Clinical approach to renal tubular acidosis in children
