Pachychoroid as a biomarker using optical coherence tomography – swept-source in central serous choroidopathy

Objective The objective of the study was to describe and evaluate the subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT) in the fellow eyes of patients with central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) using swept source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT). Methods This was a transversal, retrospective, and observational study. The SFCT was measured in patients with unilateral CSC using SS-OCT. The choroidal thickness in symptomatic and fellow eyes was measured using the attached measuring software in SS-OCT. The SFCT dimension was obtained from the horizontal section under the foveal center from the OCT data and these data were analyzed. Results The mean age of subjects undergoing imaging SS-OCT was 44.23 years old (standard deviation, 11.57). 30 out of 60 patients (63.3%) were men, and 20 (33.3%) patients had acute clinical disease. The median choroidal thicknesses of the affected eyes were greater than those of the unaffected fellow eyes (P = 0.06). The choroidal thickness measured in 120 eyes of (60 patients) was 421 µm (interquartile range 352–490), which was greater than the choroidal thickness reported in normal eyes. Conclusions The measuring of the choroidal thickness using SS-OCT is useful as a non-invasive technique to evaluate the subclinical choroidal abnormalities in CSC.

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Differences in Choroidal Structures Between Idiopathic and Steroid-Induced Central Serous Chorioretinopathy

Journal of VitreoRetinal Diseases ◽

10.1177/2474126418818348 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 10-15

Author(s):

Takahiko Izumi ◽

Hideki Koizumi ◽

Yohei Takahashi ◽

Ichiro Maruko ◽

Shozo Sonoda ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Optical Coherence Tomography ◽

Layer Thickness ◽

Central Serous Chorioretinopathy ◽

Choroidal Thickness ◽

Optical Coherence ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Swept Source ◽

The Mean ◽

Binarization Method ◽

Pathophysiologic Mechanisms

Purpose: The purpose of this article is to investigate the differences in intrachoroidal structures between eyes with idiopathic central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) and those with steroid-induced CSC. Methods: Thirty eyes of 30 patients with idiopathic CSC and 17 eyes of 15 patients with steroid-induced CSC were studied. Cross-sectional swept-source optical coherence tomography images of eyes with idiopathic and steroid-induced CSC were retrospectively analyzed by the manual layer delineation technique and by the binarization technique. Results: The mean subfoveal choroidal thickness (SCT) was not significantly different between the eyes with idiopathic CSC (408.0 ± 106.6 µm) and those with steroid-induced (389.9 ± 105.4 µm; P = .67) CSC. Manual layer delineation showed that the mean ratio of the large choroidal vessel layer thickness to the SCT was significantly higher in eyes with idiopathic CSC (0.874 ± 0.070) than in eyes with steroid-induced CSC (0.828 ± 0.083; P = .02). The binarization method showed that the mean ratio of the luminal areas to the choroidal areas centered at the fovea was significantly higher in eyes with idiopathic CSC (0.747 ± 0.064) than in eyes with steroid-induced CSC (0.701 ± 0.046; P = .01). Conclusion: The intrachoroidal structures in steroid-induced CSC were different from those in idiopathic CSC. These findings suggest different pathophysiologic mechanisms may be involved in the pathogenesis of these 2 entities.

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Retinal Changes before and after Silicone Oil Removal in Eyes with Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment Using Swept-Source Optical Coherence Tomography

Journal of Clinical Medicine ◽

10.3390/jcm10225436 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (22) ◽

pp. 5436

Author(s):

Jung Wook Lee ◽

Heeyoon Cho ◽

Min Ho Kang ◽

Rimkyung Hong ◽

Mincheol Seong ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Optical Coherence Tomography ◽

Retinal Detachment ◽

Choroidal Thickness ◽

Silicone Oil ◽

Inner Plexiform Layer ◽

Optical Coherence ◽

Mechanical Pressure ◽

Swept Source ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Fellow Eyes

This study aimed to evaluate and compare the retinal and choroidal thickness and vessel density (VD) changes between silicone oil (SO) tamponade and after SO removal using swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) and OCT angiography (OCTA). Thirty patients who underwent pars plana vitrectomy for retinal detachment (RD) with SO tamponade were included. SS-OCT and OCTA were conducted before RD surgery, during SO tamponade, and after SO removal. A 3-dimensional volumetric wide scan protocol was used for the analysis. The segmented retina, choroidal thickness map, and peripapillary thickness were then measured. For the OCTA analysis, 4.5 × 4.5 mm scans were used. Superficial and deep capillary plexus VDs in unaffected fellow eyes and eyes after SO removal were compared. During the SO tamponade period, the thickness of the parafoveal total retina, ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer, and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (ppRNFL) were significantly thinner than those of unaffected fellow eyes (p < 0.05). The parafoveal layer thickness thinning recovered up to three to six months after SO removal. Moreover, six months after SO removal, the parafoveal thickness was not significantly different compared to that of unaffected fellow eyes (p > 0.05). However, the ppRNFL thickness was significantly decreased during SO tamponade and remained unrecovered six months after SO removal. There was no significant difference in the VD on the OCTA. Thus, SO tamponade and removal for RD resulted in a change in the retinal and peripapillary thickness. This may be due to the mechanical pressure effect of SO.

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Correlations among age, sex, axial length, and subfoveal choroidal thickness in the choriocapillaris structure analyzed using multiple en face image averaging optical coherence tomography angiography

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0259880 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (11) ◽

pp. e0259880

Author(s):

Ai Ichioka ◽

Sotaro Ooto ◽

Akihito Uji ◽

Saki Manabe ◽

Chieko Shiragami ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Optical Coherence Tomography ◽

Axial Length ◽

Choroidal Thickness ◽

Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography ◽

Optical Coherence ◽

Swept Source ◽

Face Images ◽

En Face ◽

Flow Void ◽

The Mean

Purpose To analyze the structure of the choriocapillaris in healthy eyes by using averaged en face images acquired using swept source optical coherence tomography angiography and to examine the changes in the macular profile in relation to age, sex, axial length, and choroidal thickness. Methods This prospective, cross-sectional study included 81 eyes of 81 subjects without ophthalmologic or systemic diseases who underwent a full ophthalmologic examination, including 3 × 3-mm macular optical coherence tomography angiography. Four to nine choriocapillaris en face images were registered and averaged. The averaged images were then binarized and analyzed. Results The averaged choriocapillaris images showed a continuous capillary meshwork, whereas the unaveraged images had a granular appearance. The mean total area and size of flow voids were 0.99 ± 0.20 mm2 and 567.8 ± 201.5 μm2, respectively, and these values correlated positively with age (p = 0.002, R = 0.336 and p = 0.026, R = 0.247, respectively). Age-related gains in the mean total area and flow void size were 4.20 × 10−3 mm2 and 3.07 μm2 per year, respectively. However, the mean total area and flow void size had no significant correlation with axial length, subfoveal choroidal thickness, or sex. Conclusions Multiple averaged en face swept source optical coherence tomography angiography is more effective than a single optical coherence tomography angiography scan for better visualizing the choriocapillaris. The total area and size of flow voids within a 3 × 3-mm macular area positively correlated with age. This technique can be useful for investigating the changes arising in macular diseases.

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The Spectrum of Central Choriocapillaris Abnormalities on Swept-Source Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography in the Fellow Eye of Unilateral Exudative Age-Related Macular Degeneration Patients: From Flow Deficits to Subclinical Non-Exudative Neovascularization

Journal of Clinical Medicine ◽

10.3390/jcm10122658 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (12) ◽

pp. 2658

Author(s):

Alexis Khorrami Kashi ◽

Eric Souied ◽

Selim Fares ◽

Enrico Borrelli ◽

Vittorio Capuano ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Optical Coherence Tomography ◽

Macular Degeneration ◽

Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography ◽

Clinical Findings ◽

Age Related Macular Degeneration ◽

Optical Coherence ◽

Swept Source ◽

Exudative Amd ◽

Age Related ◽

Fellow Eyes

We evaluated the spectrum of choriocapillaris (CC) abnormalities in the fellow eyes of unilateral exudative age-related macular degeneration (AMD) patients using swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography (SS-OCTA). Fellow eyes of unilateral exudative AMD patients were prospectively included between May 2018 and October 2018. Patients underwent a multimodal imaging including a SS-OCTA. Demographics and clinical findings were analyzed. The estimated prevalence of macular neovascularization (MNV) was computed. Number and size of flow deficits (FDs) and percentage of flow deficits (FD%) were computed on the compensated CC flow images with the Fiji software. We included 97 eyes of 97 patients (mean age was 80 ± 7.66 years, 39 males, 58 females). The prevalence of MNV in the studied eyes was 8.25% (8/97 eyes). In the 89 non-neovascular eyes, FD% averaged 45.84% ± 11.63%, with a corresponding total area of FDs of 4.19 ± 1.12 mm2. There was a higher prevalence of drusenoid pigment epithelial detachment in eyes with subclinical neovascularization (p = 0.021). Fellow eyes with unilateral exudative AMD encompassed a series of CC abnormalities, from FDs of the aging CC to subclinical non-exudative MNV.

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Geographic mapping of choroidal thickness in myopic eyes using 1050-nm spectral domain optical coherence tomography

Journal of Innovative Optical Health Sciences ◽

10.1142/s1793545815500121 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 08 (04) ◽

pp. 1550012 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Qinqin Zhang ◽

Maureen Neitz ◽

Jay Neitz ◽

Ruikang K. Wang

Keyword(s):

Optical Coherence Tomography ◽

High Myopia ◽

Choroidal Thickness ◽

Retinal Pigment ◽

Reduction Rate ◽

Radial Distance ◽

Spectral Domain ◽

Temporal Region ◽

Optical Coherence ◽

The Mean

Purpose: To provide a geographical map of choroidal thickness (CT) around the macular region among subjects with low, moderate and high myopia. Methods: 20 myopic subjects (n = 40 eyes) without other identified pathologies participated in this study: 20 eyes of ≤ 3 diopters (D) (low myopic), 10 eyes between -3 and -6D (moderate myopic), and 10 eyes of ≥ 6D (high myopic). The mean age of subjects was 30.2 years (± 7.6 years; range, 24 to 46 years). A 1050 nm spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) system, operating at 120 kHz imaging rate, was used in this study to simultaneously capture 3D anatomical images of the choroid and measure intraocular length (IOL) in the subject. The 3D OCT images of the choroid were segmented into superior, inferior, nasal and temporal quadrants, from which the CT was measured, representing radial distance between the outer retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) layer and inner scleral border. Measurements were made within concentric regions centered at fovea centralis, extended to 5 mm away from fovea at 1 mm intervals in the nasal and temporal directions. The measured IOL was the distance from the anterior cornea surface to the RPE in alignment along the optical axis of the eye. Statistical analysis was performed to evaluate CT at each geographic region and observe the relationship between CT and the degree of myopia. Results: For low myopic eyes, the IOL was measured at 24.619 ± 0.016 mm. The CT (273.85 ± 49.01 μm) was greatest under fovea as is in the case of healthy eyes. Peripheral to the fovea, the mean CT decreased rapidly along the nasal direction, reaching a minimum of 180.65 ± 58.25μm at 5 mm away from the fovea. There was less of a change in thickness from the fovea in the temporal direction reaching a minimum of 234.25 ± 42.27 μm. In contrast to the low myopic eyes, for moderate and high myopic eyes, CTs were thickest in temporal region (where CT = 194.94 ± 27.28 and 163 ± 34.89 μm, respectively). Like the low myopic eyes, moderate and high myopic eyes had thinnest CTs in the nasal region (where CT = 100.84 ± 16.75 and 86.64 ± 42.6μm, respectively). High myopic eyes had the longest mean IOL (25.983 ± 0.021mm), while the IOL of moderate myopia was 25.413 ± 0.022 mm (**p < 0.001). The CT reduction rate was calculated at 31.28 μm/D (diopter) from low to moderate myopia, whilst it is 13.49 μm/D from moderate to high myopia. The similar tendency was found for the IOL reduction rate in our study: 0.265 mm/D from low to moderate myopia, and 0.137 mm/D from moderate to high myopia. Conclusion: The CT decreases and the IOL increases gradually with the increase of myopic condition. The current results support the theory that choroidal abnormality may play an important role in the pathogenesis of myopic degeneration.

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