Fluorosis Mitigation Programmes and its Impact on Health - The Indian Scenario

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 48-55
Author(s):  
Mukherjee Avisek ◽  
R Yashoda ◽  
Puranik Manjunath
Keyword(s):  
Indian Population ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Effective Solution ◽  
Governmental Agencies ◽  
Rural Settings ◽  
High Fluoride ◽  
Alternative Water ◽  
Defluoridation Of Water ◽  
Alternative Water Sources ◽  
Indian Scenario

In India, the availability of safe potable water remains a challenge in rural settings, where 72% of Indian population reside with high reliance on alternative water sources. In our country, the states having some circumscribed areas of high fluoride levels (endemic fluoride belts with F content in ground water above 4 ppm). Fluorosis mitigation is therefore necessary. Thus, the objective of this narrative review is to discuss various fluorosis mitigation programmes in India.Medline was the primary database used in the literature search. Other databases were also searched for relevant publications. Since the late 1980s, government and non-governmental agencies launched efforts to control fluorosis. However, most of attempts were mainly on defluoridation of water, so it cannot be proposed as the only or most effective solution to mitigate fluorosis.

Reclaimed Wastewater for Industrial Application

1991 ◽  
Vol 24 (9) ◽  
pp. 153-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joo-Hwa Tay ◽  
Peng-Cheong Chui
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Application ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Curing Agent ◽  
Reclaimed Wastewater ◽  
Cooling Systems ◽  
Toilet Flushing ◽  
Feasible Alternative ◽  
Alternative Water ◽  
Mixing Water ◽  
Alternative Water Sources

For highly urbanized cities with limited potable water resources, reclaimed wastewater may be one of the feasible alternative water sources. Reclaimed wastewater can be used for toilet flushing, cooling, washing, general cleaning and watering plants. It can also be used as process water for industries that manufacture papers, textiles, plastic goods, chemicals, rubber and steel products. Reclaimed wastewater can replace potable water in cooling systems of refineries and as mixing water and curing agent for concrete making.

scholarly journals Use of CaO Loaded Mesoporous Alumina for Defluoridation of Potable Groundwater Containing Elevated Calcium Levels

Environments ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 66
Author(s):  
Mahesh Jayaweera ◽  
Madhusha Sudasinghe ◽  
Buddhika Gunawardana ◽  
Achini Peiris ◽  
Jagath Manatunge
Keyword(s):  
Potable Water ◽  
Fluoride Concentration ◽  
Langmuir Model ◽  
Mesoporous Alumina ◽  
Unknown Etiology ◽  
Order Model ◽  
Fluoride Adsorption ◽  
High Calcium ◽  
High Fluoride ◽  
Strong Covalent Bonding

Defluoridation in the presence of high calcium levels in potable groundwater is paramount, as the consumption of groundwater enriched with fluoride, and calcium has been implicated in causing chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology (CKDu) in Sri Lanka. CaO loaded mesoporous alumina (COMA) offers a great potential for defluoridation of potable water, but the effectiveness of COMA in the presence of calcium has not been investigated. This study, therefore, focuses on the investigation of the suitability of COMA for the defluoridation of potable water with high calcium levels. Mesoporous alumina was successfully functionalized with CaO to synthesize nano-level COMA with an optimum dosage for defluoridation being 2 g L−1. The amount of fluoride adsorbed increased (2.4–19.5 mg g−1) with the increase of the initial fluoride concentration (5–40 mg L−1), and the residual fluoride levels (0.8–1.47 mg L−1) were within the range specified by the WHO for drinking water. The amount of fluoride adsorbed by COMA varied between 6.50 and 7.97 mg g−1 with initial calcium levels between 0 and 1500 mg L−1, indicating that defluoridation was effective in the presence of high calcium levels. The fluoride adsorption was best fitted with the Langmuir model with a maximum monolayer capacity of COMA being 17.83 mg g−1, and adsorption kinetics fitted with the pseudo-2nd order model indicating strong covalent bonding by way of chemisorption. Thus, COMA can be effectively utilized as an adsorbent material in defluoridation efforts in areas prevalent with CKDu in the presence of high fluoride (15 mg L−1) and calcium (1500 mg L−1) levels.

scholarly journals Cost analysis of a rainwater harvesting system in Poland

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 00078
Author(s):  
Grażyna Sakson
Keyword(s):  
Cost Analysis ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Single Family ◽  
Construction Costs ◽  
Sewer System ◽  
Harvesting Systems ◽  
Alternative Water ◽  
The Cost

Rainwater harvesting is an alternative water supply method that has become popular in recent years around the world. This is mainly due to financial reasons (reducing the cost of potable water and fees for rainwater discharge to the sewerage), but also because of environmental awareness. In Poland, rainwater harvesting systems are not often used because of their low financial viability determined by high system construction costs and the low prices of potable water. Earlier analysis conducted by the author showed that the payback period of investment outlays was from a dozen or so years for large buildings, to a few dozen for single-family houses. This situation may change after the introduction of common fees for discharging rainwater from impervious areas into sewerage, and fees for the reduction of natural retention on newly built-up areas, in accordance with new water regulations. This paper presents a cost analysis of rainwater harvesting systems for ten cities in Poland, with varying annual rainfall depth and various pricing for potable water. Analyses were carried out for a single-family house located in an area equipped with a municipal sewer system, and for a large building, located in an area equipped and not equipped with a municipal sewer system.

Expert stakeholder attitudes and support for alternative water sources in a groundwater depleted region

2012 ◽  
Vol 437 ◽  
pp. 245-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
Treavor H. Boyer ◽  
Christine Overdevest ◽  
Lisa Christiansen ◽  
Stephanie K.L. Ishii
Keyword(s):  
Water Sources ◽  
Alternative Water ◽  
Stakeholder Attitudes ◽  
Alternative Water Sources
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