scholarly journals TRENDS OF KIDNAPPING AND HOSTAGE TAKING IN 21ST CENTURY NIGERIA: A REFLECTIVE DISCOURSE

2021 ◽  
Vol 06 (01) ◽  
pp. 144-163
Author(s):  
Abolaji Adewale Obileye ◽  
◽  
Kayode George ◽  
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Rational Choice Theory ◽  
Choice Theory ◽  
Situational Crime Prevention ◽  
Routine Activity Theory ◽  
Routine Activity ◽  
Body Of Knowledge ◽  
Geographical Boundary ◽  
Nigerian Government ◽  
Reflective Discourse

Kidnapping and hostage taking activities have geometrically increased across the world, taking different forms. These activities for money and other reasons have contributed immensely to the state of insecurity of average Nigerian from within and outside the territory. It is on this note that this paper addresses the trends of kidnapping and hostage taking in Nigeria, its causes, implications and how best to arrest the worrisome situation. Relevant existing body of knowledge were reviewed according to the objectives of the paper. The research design for the paper was explanatory in nature where rational choice theory, routine activity theory and situational crime prevention were adopted to buttress the understanding of the subject matter. Based on the reviewed literature, it was found that the trend of kidnapping and hostage taking in the 21st century Nigeria is on the “high” side thereby needing urgent attention from all stakeholders; Nigerian government, non-governmental organisations, private bodies and all citizens. It is, therefore, recommended that increased effort to fight kidnapping and hostage taking should be made possible by the Nigerian government. This would make the risk of involving in kidnapping related activities higher than the expected benefit; to deter offenders and potential ones from committing such act. Also, capturing the geographical boundary of Nigeria with sophisticated gadget will help reduce the chances of being a victim of kidnapping. These strategies would make kidnapping unattractive to the motivated offender since the opportunity to commit such crime no longer exists.

12. Free will, classicism, and rational choice

Criminology ◽  
2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steve Case ◽  
Phil Johnson ◽  
David Manlow ◽  
Roger Smith ◽  
Kate Williams
Keyword(s):  
Free Will ◽  
Rational Choice ◽  
John Locke ◽  
Rational Choice Theory ◽  
Choice Theory ◽  
Situational Crime Prevention ◽  
Critical Criminology ◽  
Routine Activity Theory ◽  
Routine Activity ◽  
Jeremy Bentham

This chapter explores the importance of free will and rational choice in the criminal justice system. It first explains the purpose of theory and how to interpret, test, and critically consider ideas in the context of criminological study before discussing classical theories which assert that people freely and rationally choose to offend and therefore can — and should — be punished or have their choices prevented (by, for example, reducing offending opportunities). It then considers the main theoretical schools in criminology including classicism, positivism, interpretivism, and critical criminology. It also looks at classical criminology and the key thinkers that shaped it, including John Locke and Jeremy Bentham, as well as the policies to which it gave rise. The chapter concludes with an analysis of neo-classical criminology, rational choice theory, routine activity theory, and situational crime prevention.

scholarly journals Tourism and Crime: The Case of Bangladesh

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 93-102
Author(s):  
Moniruzzaman Muzib ◽  
Subrata Banarjee
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Rational Choice Theory ◽  
Foreign Currency ◽  
Choice Theory ◽  
High Volume ◽  
Routine Activity Theory ◽  
Tourism Industry ◽  
Routine Activity ◽  
Potential Threat ◽  
Reported Crime

Tourism is an important sector and contributes significantly in the economy of Bangladesh. However, in comparison to others, the tourism industry has not developed and flourished considerably due to some obstacles.  The increasing rate of crime is regarded as a potential threat for the industry. Besides some evidence from worldwide suggest that now a day, tourists and visitors are at risk of being victims of violent and property crimes. Some criminological theories such as rational choice theory, routine activity theory and opportunity theory indicate the significant relationship between crime and tourist areas.  Mainly the present study attempts to find out the relation between crime and tourism in Bangladesh along with the patterns of crime in tourist areas and the associated risk factors behind it. The qualitative method has been used to conduct the study and data has been collected from secondary sources like various statistics, articles, books, newspapers and so on. The findings of the study revealed that most of the tourist places were affected by criminal activities such as dacoity, robbery, murder, hijacking, riot, women repression, kidnapping, police assault, burglary, theft, etc. Consequently, the frequency and number of tour by the tourist increased at a slower rate and our country are earning lower foreign currency from the tourism sector in recent years. Concerning the high volume of crime, factors like high inequality, mass unemployment, low income, and low level of education has strong influences on crime. Also, it is cheap and easy to buy different types of weapons and bombs in hilly areas due to lack of proper oversight of law enforcing agencies. In 2011, the number of international visitor tourist reached 443,000 generating revenue of BDT6.6 billion. However, in our study period,     we found that the number of reported crime has been increasing day by day. Although the police reported crime increased sharply, in most cases residents have been victimized more than the foreigner. For this, the tourism industry is not yet badly affected by police-reported crime in most cases.  

Property Crime and Tourists

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rob Mawby
Keyword(s):  
Rational Choice Theory ◽  
Choice Theory ◽  
Property Crime ◽  
Routine Activity Theory ◽  
Routine Activity ◽  
Risk Category ◽  
Four Dimensions ◽  
Police Statistics ◽  
Newspaper Data ◽  
Crime Risk

This chapter addresses the extent to which tourists are at risk of property crimes. It starts with a discussion of the difficulties of measuring crime risk that largely replicate those in mainstream criminology, but with the additional problem that the number of tourists – in the general population or who are victimised – is rarely distinguished. Accepting these limitations, police statistics, victim surveys, newspaper data, and offenders’ accounts of their preferred targets are used to confirm that tourists are indeed overrepresented among the victims of property crime. This seems to apply across different offence categories, such as burglary, vehicle theft, robbery/theft from the person, and fraud. The final section attempts to explain the findings. Combining routine activity theory, opportunity theory and rational choice theory, four dimensions are identified that help explain why tourists consitute a high risk category: rewards, justifiability of target, guardianship and accessibility.

The Theory and Practice of Situational Crime Prevention

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald V. Clarke
Keyword(s):  
Crime Prevention ◽  
Situational Crime Prevention ◽  
Routine Activity Theory ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Routine Activity ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Transit Systems ◽  
Pattern Theory ◽  
Social Settings ◽  
Sound Foundation

Situational crime prevention is radically different from other forms of crime prevention as it seeks only to reduce opportunities for crime, not bring about lasting change in criminal or delinquent dispositions. Proceeding from an analysis of the circumstances giving rise to very specific kinds of crime and disorder, it introduces discrete managerial and environmental modifications to change the opportunity structure for those crimes to occur—not just the immediate physical and social settings in which the crimes occur, but also the wider societal arrangements that make the crimes possible. It is therefore focused on the settings for crime, not on delinquents or criminals. Rather than punishing them or seeking to eliminate criminal dispositions through improvement of society or its institutions, it tries to make criminal action less attractive. It does this in five main ways: (1) by increasing the difficulties of crime, (2) by increasing the immediate risks of getting caught, (3) by reducing the rewards of offending, (4) by removing excuses for offending, and (5) by reducing temptations and provocations. It accomplishes these ends by employing an action research methodology to identify design and management changes that can be introduced with minimum social and economic costs. Central to this enterprise is not the criminal justice system but a host of public and private organizations and agencies—schools, hospitals, transit systems, shops and malls, manufacturing businesses and phone companies, local parks and entertainment facilities, pubs and parking lots—whose products, services, and operations spawn opportunities for a vast range of different crimes. Some criminologists believe that the efforts that these organizations and agencies have made in the past 20 or 30 years to protect themselves from crime are responsible for the recorded crime drops in many countries. Situational crime prevention rests on a sound foundation of criminological theories—routine activity theory, crime pattern theory, and the rational choice perspective—all of which hold that opportunity plays a part in every form of crime or disorder. There is therefore no form of crime that cannot be addressed by situational crime prevention. To date, more than 250 evaluated successes of situational crime prevention have been reported, covering an increasingly wide array of crimes including terrorism and organized crimes. Many of the studies have found little evidence that situational interventions have resulted in the “displacement” of crime to other places, times, targets, methods, or forms of crime. Indeed, it is commonly found that the benefits of situational crime prevention diffuse beyond the immediately targeted crimes. Despite these successes, situational crime prevention continues to attract much criticism for its supposed social and ethical costs.

scholarly journals Organized crime, situational crime prevention and routine activity theory

2012 ◽  
Vol 15 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 87-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward R. Kleemans ◽  
Melvin R. J. Soudijn ◽  
Anton W. Weenink
Keyword(s):  
Activity Theory ◽  
Crime Prevention ◽  
Organized Crime ◽  
Situational Crime Prevention ◽  
Routine Activity Theory ◽  
Routine Activity

Harmonising Road Transport Legislation in the SADC Region for Crime Prevention

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-55
Author(s):  
Shaka Yesufu
Keyword(s):  
Crime Prevention ◽  
Regional Cooperation ◽  
Situational Crime Prevention ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
Routine Activity Theory ◽  
Routine Activity ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Member States ◽  
Prevention Theory

The Southern African Development Community (SADC) is an organisation that aims to facilitate cooperation between the governments of its Member States through a set of goals. SADC uses protocols as an instrument of coordination of its Member States on Transport, Communications and Meteorology endeavours to harmonise various aspects of traffic and transportation in the region. The researcher relies on carrying out an extensive literature review, consulting secondary data, official government publications and review of case studies. This article is informed by both the routine activity theory and situational crime prevention theory. It was found that the SADC regional body still has several barriers to overcome before a successful harmonisation stage to prevent crime will be achieved by Member States. Regional cooperation is needed amongst Member States to prevent organised borderless crime like human trafficking, drugs trafficking, fraud and money laundering, car-hijacking and terrorism.

scholarly journals Dynamics of loan delinquency by SME owners in Uganda

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (10) ◽  
pp. 353-360
Author(s):  
John Busingye
Keyword(s):  
Rational Choice Theory ◽  
Choice Theory ◽  
The Body ◽  
Sample Size Determination ◽  
Business Context ◽  
Descriptive Research ◽  
Body Of Knowledge ◽  
Fertile Ground ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Conceptual Setting

The study mainly set out to investigate the factors that influence loan delinquency bySME owners in Uganda. SME ownersin Mbarara Municipality, South West Uganda provided conceptual setting of the study. This paper contributes to the body of knowledge by determining the local business context influencing loan delinquency among SME owners.  The study fixated on thefactors that influence loan delinquency by SME owners in Uganda with focus on what SACCOs put into consideration in order to categorize an SME as suitable for micro-lending. The study engaged descriptive research design, where 20 questionnaires were administered to SME owners and detailed discussions of the questions conducted with 6 key informants in the SME sector. The study was grounded on David McClelland’s Acquired Needs theory and the Rational Choice theory in helping to understand the subject under investigation. The study further adopted Krejcie and Morgan's (1970) sample size determination methodology to select the respondents. Data was analysed using SPSS version 20, thematic and content analysis. The study findings show that majority of the respondents were male with secondary level of education, majority of the SME entities had been in operation for six years and above and their ability to manage loans was boosted by education, skills and experience. While the majority of the SME owners are accessing and utilizing loan services from the SACCOs, more than   half of them have ever been in delinquency over their loan contract. The study recommends that the SME owners learn how to plough back their profits into their business, conduct sound business research so as to increase their operational capital and skills in order to expand and grow their projects. The study concluded that the SME industry is a fertile ground for investment for Uganda, SME owners, and SACCOs.

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