COMPARISONS OF THE HISTOLOGICAL MORPHOLOGY AND IN VITRO PERCUTANEOUS ABSORPTION OF CAFFEINE IN SHED SNAKE SKIN AND HUMAN SKIN

The employment of excised skin (human or animal) mounted in diffusion cells is frequently used for the characterization of biopharmaceutical properties of topical semisolids dosage forms. Reptile skin from snake appears to be a useful alternative to other animal and human skins in assessing the potential for transdermal drug delivery. The aim of the study was to compare human and snake skin from a histological point of view. Furthermore the absorption of caffeine, as a hydrophilic model substance, was compared on snake shed skins (two anatomical locations; ventral and dorsal), from three different species, Python regius, Epicrates maurus colombianus, Lampropeltis triangulum campbelli, and human skin. Snake skin shows histological similarity to human Stratum corneum in term of thickness and composition. Regarding the absorption, the cumulative amount of caffeine increased linearly with time through the dorsal and ventral shed skins of all 3 species. Except for Lampropeltis triangulum campbelli ventral skin, the caffeine permeation behavior obtained on all snake shed skins evaluated was in a similar range as on human skin. One main advantage of shed skin, is that snakes molt regularly and can provide many sheds, that can be obtained without sacrificing the animals.Key words: caffeine; transdermal; shed skin; in vitro; snake; topical formulation PRIMERJAVA HISTOLOŠKE ZGRADBE TER PERKUTANE ABSORPCIJE KOFEINA IN VITRO V LEVKU KAČ IN ČLOVEŠKI KOŽI Povzetek: Koža (človeškega ali živalskega izvora) se pogosto uporablja kot orodje za proučevanje biofarmacevtskih lastnosti topikalnih zdravil. Koža kač bi lahko bila uporabna alternativa drugim živalskim kožam in človeški koži pri oceni sposobnosti prenosa zdravil preko kože. Cilj študije je bil histološka primerjava človeške in kačje kože ter primerjava absorpcije kofeina kot hidrofilne modelne snovi na levkih kač iz dorzalnega in ventralnega področja treh različnih vrst kač: kraljevega pitona (Python regius), mavričnega udava (Epicrates maurus colombianus), mlečne kače (Lampropeltis triangulum campbelli). Kačja koža je histološko podobna človeški glede debeline in sestave roženi plasti (stratum corneum). Glavna prednost levitve kač je, da se dogaja večkrat, kar omogoča pridobitev več levkov, ki se jih lahko pridobi brez žrtvovanja živali. Rezultati so pokazali, da se je skupna količina kofeina sčasoma linearno povečevala v dorzalnih in ventralnih levkih pri vseh treh vrstah kač, razen na na ventralnem področju levka mlečne kače (Lampropeltis triangulum campbelli), pri katerem je bila prehodnost kofeina podobna kot pri prehodu skozi človeško kožo. Ključne besede: kofein; transdermalno; levek; in vitro; kača; topikalni pripravek

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Human Skin Binding and Absorption of Contaminants from Ground and Surface Water During Swimming and Bathing

Journal of the American College of Toxicology ◽

10.3109/10915818909018044 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 8 (5) ◽

pp. 853-859 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Ronald C. Wester ◽

Howard I. Maibach

Keyword(s):

Surface Water ◽

Stratum Corneum ◽

Human Skin ◽

The Body ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Exposure Effect ◽

Human Stratum Corneum ◽

Water Dilution

Contaminants exist in ground and surface water. Human skin has the capacity to bind and then absorb these contaminants into the body during swimming and bathing. Powdered human stratum corneum will bind both lipid-soluble (alachlor, polychlorinated biphenyls [PCBs], benzene) and water-soluble (nitroaniline) chemicals. In vitro (human skin) and in vivo (Rhesus monkey) studies show that these chemicals readily distribute into skin, and then some of the chemical is absorbed into the body. Linearity in binding and absorption exists for nitroaniline over a 10-fold concentration range. Multiple exposure to benzene is at least cumulative. Binding and absorption can be significant for exposures as short as 30 min, and will increase with time. Absorption with water dilution increased for alachlor, but not for dinoseb. Soap reversed the partitioning of alachlor between human stratum corneum and water. The PCBs could be removed from skin by soap and water (70% efficiency) for up to 3 h and then decontamination potential decreased, due to continuing skin absorption. The model in vitro and in vivo systems used should permit easy estimation of this area of extensive human exposure effect on risk assessment.

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Chemical Partitioning into Powdered Human Stratum Corneum: A Useful In Vitro Model for Studying Interaction of Chemical and Human Skin

Dermatotoxicology ◽

10.1201/9780203426272-12 ◽

2004 ◽

pp. 131-148

Keyword(s):

Stratum Corneum ◽

Human Skin ◽

In Vitro Model ◽

Chemical Partitioning ◽

Human Stratum Corneum ◽

Vitro Model

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Interactions of non-ionic surfactant vesicles with cultured keratinocytes and human skin in vitro: a survey of toxicological aspects and ultrastructural changes in stratum corneum

Journal of Controlled Release ◽

10.1016/0168-3659(91)90039-g ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 16 (1-2) ◽

pp. 155-167 ◽

Cited By ~ 40

Author(s):

H.E.J. Hofland ◽

J.A. Bouwstra ◽

M. Ponec ◽

H.E. Boddé ◽

F. Spies ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Stratum Corneum ◽

Human Skin ◽

Ultrastructural Changes ◽

Ionic Surfactant ◽

Cultured Keratinocytes ◽

Surfactant Vesicles

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Mercuric Chloride Permeation through Human Skin in vitro: Visualization of intercellular Transport and cellular Uptake in the Stratum Corneum

Die Haut als Transportorgan für Arzneistoffe ◽

10.1007/978-3-642-72452-7_2 ◽

1990 ◽

pp. 15-27

Author(s):

H. E. Boddé ◽

I. van den Brink ◽

H. K. Koerten ◽

F. H. N. de Haan

Keyword(s):

Stratum Corneum ◽

Human Skin ◽

Cellular Uptake ◽

Mercuric Chloride ◽

Intercellular Transport

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Cosmetotextiles with Gallic Acid: Skin Reservoir Effect

Journal of Drug Delivery ◽

10.1155/2013/456248 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 2013 ◽

pp. 1-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Meritxell Martí ◽

Cristina Alonso ◽

Vanessa Martínez ◽

Manel Lis ◽

Alfons de la Maza ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Stratum Corneum ◽

Gallic Acid ◽

Human Skin ◽

Active Compound ◽

Percutaneous Absorption ◽

Mixed Micelles ◽

Reservoir Effect ◽

Textile Materials ◽

Skin Reservoir

The antioxidant gallic acid (GA) has been incorporated into cotton (CO) and polyamide (PA) through two different vehicles, that is, liposomes and mixed micelles, and their respective absorption/desorption processes have been studied. Moreover, in vitro percutaneous absorption tests of different cosmetotextiles have been performed to demonstrate antioxidant penetration within the layers of the skin. When GA was embedded into the cosmetotextiles, it always promoted a reservoir effect that was much more marked than that observed for polyamide. Similar penetration was observed in the textiles treated with GA in mixed micelles or liposomes in such compartments of the skin as the stratum corneum, epidermis, and even the dermis. GA was detected in receptor fluid only when CO was treated with MM. This methodology may be useful in verifying how encapsulated substances incorporated into textile materials penetrate human skin. Indeed, such materials can be considered strategic delivery systems that release a given active compound into the skin at specific doses.

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