THE FIRST OUTBREAK OF VIRAL ENCEPHALOPATHY AND RETINOPATHY IN FARMED SEA BASS (Dicentrarchus labrax) IN SLOVENIA

Viral encephalopathy and retinopathy (VER) is considered a serious disease of several marine fish species, caused by RNA virus belonging to the family Nodaviridae, genus Betanodavirus. The disease is spread almost worldwide and causes significant losses among diseased fish. It is characterised by vacuolation of the central nervous system and the retina. In July 2018, behavioural abnormalities i.e. altered swimming, swirling and vertical floating as well as lethargy and anorexia were observed in farmed sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) in the Gulf of Piran (Slovenia), associated with significant mortality. The disease initially occurred in juvenile sea bass, but later market-sized fish also became affected. Diseased fish displayed ocular opacity and multifocal skin ulceration on the head. Emaciation in some fish was also evident. Histopathology revealed characteristic vacuolation in the brain and retina. Performing a RT-PCR and RT-qPCR techniques, we have identified and confirmed the presence of betanodavirus nucleic acid in ocular and brain tissues. In addition, concentrations of the causative agent of VER in spleen and kidney did result in significantly higher viral yield than expected. Phylogenetic analysis showed that Slovenian isolate belongs to RGNNV species of betanodaviruses. Based on the clinical signs, gross and typical microscopic lesions and results of molecular analyses, we can conclude that farmed sea bass from the Gulf of Piran were affected with VER. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of VER in Slovenia.Key words: viral encephalopathy and retinopathy; betanodavirus; sea bass; histopathology; RT-qPCR PRVI IZBRUH VIRUSNE ENCEFALOPATIJE IN RETINOPATIJE PRI GOJENIH BRANCINIH (Dicentrarchus labrax) V SLOVENIJI Izvleček: Virusna encefalopatija in retinopatija (VER) je nevarna bolezen številnih vrst morskih rib, ki jo povzroča nevrotropni RNA virus iz družine Nodaviridae, rod Betanodavirus. Bolezen je razširjena skoraj po vsem svetu in povzroča visok pogin okuženih rib. Zanjo so značilne vakuole v centralnem živčnem sistemu in retini. Konec julija 2018 so v ribogojnici v Piranskem zalivu pri brancinih opazili nepravilno plavanje, vrtenje in postavljanje v vertikalno smer ter letargijo in neješčnost, brancini so množično poginjali. Bolezen se je najprej pojavila pri mladicah, nato tudi pri konzumnih kategorijah brancinov. Obolele ribe so imele sivo-motna očesna zrkla ter multifokalne kožne razjede na glavi, posamezne so bile shujšane. S histopatološko preiskavo smo ugotovili značilne vakuole v možganih in retini. Z molekularnima metodama RT-PCR in RT-qPCR smo potrdili prisotnost nukleinske kisline betanodavirusa v očesnem zrklu in možganih. Koncentracije virusa, ki so bile signifikantno višje od pričakovanih, smo ugotovili tudi v vranici in ledvicah. Na podlagi kliničnih znakov, makroskopskih in tipičnih histopatoloških sprememb ter rezultatov molekularnih preiskav lahko zaključimo, da so gojeni brancini v ribogojnici v Piranskem zalivu zboleli za VER. Opisani izbruh je prvi potrjeni primer te bolezni v Sloveniji.Ključne besede: virusna encefalopatija in retinopatija; betanodavirus; brancin; histopatologija; RT-qPCR

ISOLATION OF LIVE CELLS FROM DIFFERENT MICE TISSUES UP TO NINE DAYS AFTER DEATH

Some limited reports suggest that cells can survive in the cadavers for much longer than it was previously thought. In our study we explored how time after death, tissue type (muscle, brain and adipose tissue), storage temperature of cadavers (4 °C or at room temperature) and form of tissue storage (stored as cadavers or tissue pieces in phosphate buffered saline) affect the success of harvesting live cells from mice after death. Cells were isolated from dead tissues and grown in standard conditions. Some cells were used for RNA extraction and RT² Profiler™ PCR Array for cell lineage identification was performed to establish which lineages the cells obtained from post mortem tissues belong to. Results of our study showed that viable cells can be regularly isolated from muscle and brain tissue 3 days post mortem and with difficulty up to 6 days post mortem. Viable cells from brain tissue can be isolated up to 9 days post mortem. No cells were isolated from adipose tissue except immediately after death. In all instances viable cells were isolated only when tissues were stored at 4 °C. Tissue storage did not affect cell isolation. Isolated cells were progenitors from different germ layers. Our results show that live cells could be obtained from mouse cadavers several days after death.Key words: mouse; cadaver; stem cells; brain; muscle; adipose tissue IZOLACIJA ŽIVIH CELIC IZ RAZLIČNIH TKIV MIŠI DO DEVET DNI PO SMRTI Izvleček: Nekatere raziskave kažejo, da je preživetje celic v truplih precej daljše, kot je bilo znano do sedaj. V naši raziskavi smo proučevali, kako na uspešnost izolacije živih celic po smrti miši vplivajo različen čas izolacije po smrti, vrsta tkiva (mišično, možgansko in maščobno), temperatura shranjevanja trupel ter oblika shranjenega tkiva (kot koščki tkiv ali kot celi kadavri). Izolacija in gojenje celic iz tkiv mrtvih miši sta potekali pod standardnimi pogoji. Da bi ugotovili, katerim celičnim linijam pripadajo izolirane celice, je bil del celic uporabljen za izolacijo RNK in nadaljno uporabo v sistemu identifikacije izvornih celičnih linij z verižno reakcijo s polimerazo v realnem času. Rezultati naše raziskave so pokazali, da je žive celice mogoče izolirati iz mišičnega in možganskega tkiva 3 dni po smrti, pogojno tudi do 6 dni po smrti. Iz možganskega tkiva je bilo žive celice mogoče izolirati tudi do 9 dni po smrti. Iz maščobnega tkiva je bilo celice mogoče izolirati zgolj takoj po smrti, ne pa tudi v kasnejših časovnih intervalih. V vseh primerih so bile celice izolirane samo v primeru shranjevanja tkiv pri 4°C. Oblika shranjenega tkiva na izolacijo celic ni vplivala. Izolirane celice so pripadale različnim zarodnim plastem. Rezultati raziskave so pokazali, da je žive celice iz mišjih trupel mogoče izolirati tudi več dni po smrti.Ključne besede: miš; truplo; matične celice; možgansko tkivo; mišično tkivo; maščobno tkivo

FIRST REPORT OF CANINE MYIASIS WITH SHEEP NASAL BOT FLY, Oestrus ovis, IN SLOVENIA

First larval stage (L1) of Oestrus ovis was recovered by flushing of the nasal cavity during rhinoscopy in an urban living dog. The dog was taken to the Small animal clinic after an acute onset of sneezing and bilateral nasal discharge. In Europe, there are sporadic reports of nasal myiasis in dogs caused by sheep bot flies, and the overall prevalence of O. ovis is high in Mediterranean countries. Because of its habitat expansion due to climate change, it should be considered as a differential diagnosis when an animal patient presents with signs of rhinitis in areas bordering the Mediterranean climate. This is the first report of a dog infested by sheep nasal bot fly in Slovenia.Key words: Oestrus ovis; sheep bot fly; nasal myiasis; dog; climate changesPRVI PRIMER PASJE MIAZE Z OVČJIM NOSNIM ZOLJEM, Oestrus ovis, V SLOVENIJIIzvleček: Med rinoskopijo in spiranjem nosne votline, smo pri psu, ki živi v urbanem okolju, ugotovili ličinke prve stopnje (L1) zajedavca Oestrus ovis. Lastniki so psa pripeljali na Kliniko za male živali po akutnem izbruhu kihanja in bilateralnega nosnega izcedka. V Evropi so dokumentirani sporadični primeri nosne miaze pri psih zaradi ovčjega nosnega zolja, O. ovis, in skupna prevalenca ovčjega zajedavca je v mediteranskih državah visoka. Zaradi klimatskih sprememb, se habitat nosnih zoljev čedalje bolj širi, za kar je pomembno O. ovis vključiti v seznam diferencialnih diagnoz pri pacientih s kliničnimi znaki rinitisa tudi na področjih, ki mejijo na mediteransko klimo. To je prvi opisan primer infestacije psa z ovčjim nosnim zoljem v Sloveniji.Ključne besede: Oestrus ovis; ovčja nosni zolj; nosna miaza; pes; podnebne spremembe

MORPHOLOGY AND HISTOLOGY OF THE EURASIAN LYNX (Lynx lynx) PLANUM NASALE

This study reveals the macroscopic and microscopic structures of the Eurasian lynx planum nasale using materials from three dead females obtained from the Sivas Forestry Branch of Agriculture and Forestry Ministry of the Republic of Turkey. To accomplish the purpose, planum nasale was investigated using macroscopic, histological, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. The microscopic examination showed that the planum nasale consists of hairless, moist, glabrous skin and resembles a ship anchor with arm, palm, stock, and sickle parts. The planum nasale’s surface is formed by epidermal plates or epidermal ridges, which were separated from each other by primary and secondary fissures showed in SEM and macroscopic figures. Based on the microscopic examination, the Mercel’s cells and nerve ends are located in the basal sheet of the planum nasale’s epidermal layers. In addition, the pores situated on the surface of the epidermal ridges and the dense connective bundles were settled in the dermal layers, based on the SEM examination.Key words: Eurasian lynx (Lynx rufus); morphology; nasal plane; planum nasaleMORFOLOGIJA IN HISTOLOGIJA SMRČKA EVRAZIJSKEGA RISA (Lynx lynx)Izvleček: V študiji so opisane makroskopske in mikroskopske strukture smrčka evrazijskega risa, ki je bila opravljena s proučevanjem tkiv treh mrtvih samic, ki so jih pridobili s pomočjo gozdarske podružnice Sivas Ministrstva za kmetijstvo in gozdarstvo Republike Turčije. Strukturo smrčka so raziskovali z uporabo makroskopskih, histoloških metod ter uporabe vrstičnega elektronskega mikroskopa (SEM). Mikroskopska preiskava je pokazala, da smrček sestavlja brezdlaka, vlažna, gola koža, ki po obliki spominja na ladijsko sidro. Površinski del smrčka tvorijo epidermalne plošče ali grebeni, ki jih ločujejo primarne in sekundarne razpoke, vidne na makroskopskih slikah in s pomočjo vrstične mikroskopije. Na histoloških preparatih so bile v bazalni plasti smrčka epidermisa opazne Merkelove celice in živčni končiči. S pomočjo metode SEM so v plasti epidermisa pokazali pore, ki se nahajajo na površini epidermalnih grebenov in snope togega fibrilarnega veziva, ki segajo v plast dermisa.Ključne besede: Evrazijski ris (Lynx rufus); morfologija; nosna ravnina; smrček

OSTEOMYELITIS ON THE CERVICAL VERTEBRAS OF A FREE-LIVING EUROPEAN HEDGEHOG (Erinaceus europaeus) BY Paeniclostridium sordellii

A free-living European hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus) adult female was admitted to the Wildlife Rehabilitation Centre of Parque Biológico de Gaia (Portugal), with severe breathing distress and poor body condition. Its neck was displaced 60 degrees caudally. During the post- mortem exam, an abscess in the cervical vertebras was observed. Paeniclostridium sordellii was the agent isolated from the purulent exudate that was removed from the lesion. This is the first reported case of P. sordellii associated osteomyelitis on the cervical vertebras, and the first time that this pathology is describe in this specie associated with this agent.Key words: Erinaceus europaeus; Portugal; Paeniclostridium sordellii; osteomyelitisOSTEOMIELITIS VRATNIH VRETENC PRI PROSTOŽIVEČM EVROPSKEM JEŽU (Erinaceus europaeus), POVZROČEN Z BAKTERIJO Paeniclostridium sordelliiIzvleček: Prosto živeča odrasla samica evropskega ježa (Erinaceus europaeus) je bila sprejeta v Center za rehabilitacijo divjih živali Parque Biológico de Gaia (Portugalska) s hudo dihalno stisko in slabim telesnim stanjem. Njen vrat je bil premaknjen kavdalno za 60 stopinj. Med sekcijo po smrti so opazili absces na vratnih vretencih. Iz gnojnega eksudata lezije je bila izolirana bakteerija Paeniclostridium sordellii. V članku poročamo o prvem zabeleženem primeru osteomielitisa, povezanega s P. sordellii, na vratnih vretencih in o prvem primeru opisa tovrstne patologije pri evropskem ježu, povezani s tem povzročiteljem.Ključne besede: Erinaceus europaeus; Portugalska; Paeniclostridium sordellii; osteomielitis

THE DETECTION OF Anaplasma phagocytophilum AND Babesia vulpes IN SPLEEN SAMPLES OF RED FOX (Vulpes vulpes) IN SLOVENIA

The entrance of wild animals into human settings serves as the access of vector-borne pathogens to susceptible hosts. A red fox (Vulpes vulpes) frequently enters and is quite adapted to living in urban and periurban environments. Due to its living habits, it could be a possible source of tick-borne pathogens, but it could also transfer pathogens through bites. One hundred and ten spleen samples from red foxes were screened for the presence of the Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Babesia vulpes genomes with real-time and conventional PCR. Positive PCR products were further sequenced. A genotype of A. phagocytophilum was determined and species of Babesia spp. if possible.Five (4.5%) spleen samples from red fox were positive for A. phagocytophilum DNA. With nucleotide comparison, three genotypes from cluster I were detected. The detected prevalence of B.vulpes in red fox in Slovenia was 76.3%. The parasite was detected in all tested regions of the country. Data from our study suggest that the red fox may have only limited impact on the circulation of the zoonotic genotype of A. phagocytophilum, but it represents a risk of transmission of B. vulpes near human settings and consequently poses a threat to domestic animals.Key words: red fox, Vulpes vulpes, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Babesia spp., Babesia vulpes, tick-borne pathogens, dogsUGOTAVLJANJE ANAPLAZME (Anaplasma phagocytophilum) IN BABEZIJE (Babesia vulpes) V VZORCIH VRANIC PRI RDEČIH LISICAH (Vulpes vulpes) V SLOVENIJI Izvleček: Prehajanje divjih živali v urbana okolja omogoča prenos klopno prenosljivih patogenih mikroorganizmov do dovzetnih oseb in živali. Navadna rdeča lisica (Vulpes vulpes) pogosto prehaja v okolico bivališč ljudi, prav tako se je že dobro privadila življenju v bližini ljudi. Zaradi svojih življenjskih navad predstavlja možen vir klopno prenosljivih patogenov preko okuženih klopov, lahko tudi preko ugriza živali. Stodeset vzorcev vranic navadne rdeče lisice smo pregledali na prisotnost genoma bakterije Anaplasma phagocytophilum in parazita Babesia spp. Pozitivnim vzorce smo nato določili zaporedje DNK in določili genotip A. phagocytophilum oz. vrsto babezije, kadar je bilo to mogoče. Pet vzorcev vranic (4.5 %) navadne rdeče lisice je bilo pozitivnih na prisotnost genoma A. phagocytophilum. Z določitvijo zaporedja DNK smo določili tri genotipe. Prevalenca okužbe z B. vulpes pri slovenskih lisicah je 76.3 %, določili pa smo jo v vseh statističnih regijah Slovenije. Navadna rdeča lisica ima zelo omejen vpliv na kroženje zoonotskega genotipa A. phagocytophilum. Kljub temu pa predstavlja verjeten vir prenosa parazita B. vulpes v urbana področja in posledično nevarnost za domače živali. Ključne besede: navadna rdeča lisica; Vulpes vulpes; Anaplasma phagocytophilum; Babesia spp.; Babesia vulpes; klopno prenosljivi patogeni mikroorganizmi; psi

PHARMACOKINETICS OF THE LONG-ACTING CEFTIOFUR CRYSTALLINE-FREE ACID IN ARABIAN SHE-CAMELS (Camelus dromedarius)

Ceftiofur is an important broad-spectrum 3rd generation cephalosporin antibiotic. Owing to its time-dependent antimicrobial actions, the length of time of being above bacterial MIC is the critical point in using ceftiofur for chemotherapy rather than its peak of concentration. Consequently, this experiment was carried out to evaluate, for the first time, the pharmacokinetics of the long-acting ceftiofur crystalline acid-free form (ceftiofur-CAF) in camels. Ceftiofur-CAF 200 mg/ml suspension sterile solution was injected i/m at a dose 6.6 mg/kg. Blood samples were collected from the jugular vein in vacutainer tubes at 0, 0.13, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, and 144 hours after administration of the drug. Ultrahigh Performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (UPLC MS/MS) was used to measure serum concentration. Pharmacokinetic modeling was by a two-compartment model. Pharmacokinetics of ceftiofur-CAF after single i/m injection in she-camels was best modeled in the two-compartment model, where the drug slowly distributed to a second compartment with poor tissue penetration and high preference to the central compartment. In this study, the maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) was 9.29±0.42 μg/ml at Tmax equals 9.41±1.35 h. The area under the curve (AUC0-∞) was 354.1±57.22 μg/ml*h. The distribution and elimination half-lives were 7.42 and 46.13 h, respectively. The mean residence time (MRT) was 42.01 h. Compared with the rapidly absorbed form of ceftiofur (ceftufor-RAF) in camels, there was almost similar maximal serum concentration but with delayed time to maximal concentration (Tmax), longer means residence time (MRT) and higher distribution and elimination half-lives. In terms of antibacterial efficacy, ceftiofur-CAF stayed above a previously recommended level of 0.2 μg/ml for 7 days, which can be achieved after a single i/m injection of 6.6 mg/kg. The obtained pharmacokinetics data in camels recommends repeated administration of 2 days apart for bacteria requiring MIC levels above 2 μg/ml.Key words: Ceftiofur; pharmacokinetics; camel; cephalosporinsFARMAKOKINETIKA DOLGODELUJOČE CEFTIOFURNE KRISTALINIČNE PROSTE KISLINE PRI SAMICAH ARABSKIH KAMEL (Camelus dromedarius) Izvleček: Ceftiofur je pomemben širokospektralni antibiotik 3. generacije cefalosporinov. Zaradi njegovih časovno odvisnih protimikrobnih učinkov je čas, ko je raven ceftiofura nad bakterijskim MIC in ne pri njegovem vrhu koncentracije kritična točka pri uporabi tega antibiotika. Poskus je bil izveden z namenom ovrednotenja farmakokinetike dolgo delujoče ceftiofurjeve kristalinične brezkislinske oblike (ceftiofur-CAF) pri kamelah. Ceftiofur-CAF v koncentraciji 200 mg/ml suspenzije sterilne raztopine smo injicirali i/m v odmerku 6,6 mg/kg. Vzorci krvi so bili zbrani iz vratne vene v vakuumskih epruvetah ob injiciranju antibiotika in nato 8, 15 in 30 minut po injiciranju ter 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96, 120 in 144 ur po injiciranju antibiotika. Za merjenje serumske koncentracije je bila uporabljena tekočinska kromatografija ultra visoke ločljivosti (UPLC MS/MS). Farmakokinetično modeliranje je bilo izvedeno z dvokomponentnim modelom. Farmakokinetiko ceftiofur-CAF-a po enkratnem i/m injiciranju v kamele je bilo najbolje modelirati v modelu z dvema predelkoma, kjer se je zdravilo počasi razdeljevalo v drugi predelek s slabo penetracijo v tkiva in veliko prednostjo do osrednjega predelka. Najvišja koncentracija antibiotika v plazmi (Cmax) je bila 9,29 ± 0,42 μg/ml pri Tmax 9,41 ± 1,35 ure. Površina pod krivuljo (AUC0-∞) je bila 354,1 ± 57,22 μg/ml*h. Razpolovni čas razporeditve in izločanja je bil 7,42 oziroma 46,13 ure. Povprečni čas prisotnosti antibiotika (MRT) je bil 42,01 h. V primerjavi s hitro absorbirano obliko ceftiofurja (ceftufor-RAF) pri kamelah je bila skoraj podobna največja koncentracija v serumu, vendar z zakasnjenim časom do največje koncentracije (Tmax), daljšim časom zadrževanja (MRT) in večjim razpolovnim časom porazdelitve in izločanja. Ceftiofur-CAF ostal dni nad predhodno priporočeno ravnijo učinkovitosti 0,2 μg/ml kar 7 dni, kar je bilo mogoče doseči po enkratni i/m injekciji 6,6 mg/kg. Pridobljeni podatki o farmakokinetiki v kamelah priporočajo večkratno dajanje v razmaku 2 dni za bakterije, ki potrebujejo ravni MIC nad 2 μg/ml.Ključne besede: Ceftiofur; farmakokinetika; kamela; cefalosporini

COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF THE KOMODO DRAGON (Varanus komodoensis) AND THE GREEN IGUANA (Iguana iguana) SKULL BY THREE DIMENSIONAL COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC RECONSTRUCTION

The purpose of this paper was to do a comparative evaluation of the skull of two species of lizards, the Komodo dragon (Varanus komodoensis) and the Green Iguana (Iguana iguana), by three-dimensional computed tomographic reconstruction. Images provided by this method give excellent anatomic detail of the skull. Therefore, essential differences in the configuration of the orbit and the lateral bones of the neurocranium were visualized in lateral and dorsal reconstructed images. The images obtained by tridimensional computed tomographic reconstruction can be a valuable diagnostic aid for the clinical evaluation of several head disturbances in lizards.Key words: computed tomography; 3D reconstruction; anatomy; skull; lizardsPRIMERJAVA LOBANJ KOMODOŠKEGA VARANA (Varanus komodoensis) IN ZELENEGA LEGVANA (Iguana iguana) S POMOČJO TRIDIMENZIONALNE RAČUNALNIŠKE TOMOGRAFSKE REKONSTRUKCIJEIzvleček: Namen prispevka je bil s tridimenzionalno računalniško tomografsko rekonstrukcijo opraviti primerjalno oceno lobanje dveh vrst kuščarjev, komodoškega varana (Varanus komodoensis) in zelenega legvana (Iguana iguana). Slike, pridobljene s to metodo, prikažejo odlične anatomske podrobnosti lobanje. Zato so bile na stranskih in dorzalnih rekonstrukcijah slik vidne bistvene razlike v zgradbi orbitalnega področja in stranskih kosti nevrokranija med obema vrstama kuščarjev. Slike, pridobljene s tridimenzionalno računalniško tomografsko rekonstrukcijo, so lahko dragocena diagnostična pomoč pri klinični oceni večih napak glave pri kuščarjih.Ključne besede: računalniška tomografija; 3D rekonstrukcija; anatomija; lobanja; kuščarji

ANTI-DIABETIC EFFECT OF ETHANOL EXTRACT OF Copaifera salikounda (HECKEL) AGAINST ALLOXAN-INDUCED DIABETES IN RATS

Accumulating evidences have reinforced the use of medicinal plants in the treatment of various ailments as a result of negative side effects associated with conventional drugs. Plant components such as phenols and flavonoids with antioxidant potential have confirmed protective roles against oxidative stress-induced degenerative diseases like diabetes mellitus (DM). The current study was carried out to investigate the effect of seed pod ethanol extract from Copaifera salikounda (SPEECS) in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. SPEECS was obtained by maceration of seed pod powder in absolute ethanol for 72 h, filtered, concentrated and dried in-vacuo. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) technique was used to quantitatively elucidate the chemical constituents of SPEECS. Twenty-four male albino rats were randomly allocated into four groups (n=6): normal control, DM control, DM + 200 mg/kg SPEECS and DM + 400 mg/kg SPEECS groups. DM was induced in the Wistar albino rats through intraperitoneal injection of 200 mg/kg body weight of alloxan. After 14 days of treatment, the body weight changes and the fasting blood glucose level were determined in the different groups. Also, serum biochemical parameters such as alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), albumin (ALB), total protein (TP), malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) were estimated. The GC-MS results confirm nine bioactive compounds with 9-octadecenoic acid (55.75%) being most abundant. SPEECS (200 and 400 mg/kg) administration significantly (P 0.05) caused gain in weight, decreased fasting blood glucose and reversed the elevated liver function enzymes (ALT, AST, ALP) while total TP and ALB were markedly elevated relative to DM control group. Furthermore, SPEECS attenuated the activities of SOD and CAT while the level of MDA was significantly (P 0.05) decreased in dose dependent manner in comparison to the DM control. This study indicated that SPEECS can alleviate hyperglyceamia of DM. Key words: Copaifera salikounda; oxidative stress; medicinal plants; diabetes mellitus; phytochemicals; orthodox ANTIDIABETIČNI UČINEK EKSTRAKTA ETANOLA Copaifera salikounda (HECKEL) NA SLADKORNO BOLEZEN, SPROŽENO Z ALLOXAN-om, PRI PODGANAHIzvleček: Obstaja vedno več dokazov, ki poudarjajo uporabnost zdravilnih rastlin pri zdravljenju različnih bolezni, tudi zaradi različnih negativnih stranskih učinkov, povezanih s konvencionalnimi zdravili. Rastlinske sestavine kot so fenoli in flavonoidi z antioksidativnim potencialom, imajo po nekaterih raziskavah zaščitno vlogo pred degenerativnimi boleznimi, ki jih povzroča oksidativni stres, kot je sladkorna bolezen diabetes mellitus (DM). Študija je bila izvedena z namenom raziskovanja učinka etanolnega semenskega ekstrakta iz rastline Copaifera salikounda (SPEECS) pri podganah s sladkorno boleznijo, ki jo je povzročil alloxan. SPEECS je bil pridobljen z maceracijo praška semen v prahu v absolutnem etanolu 72 ur ter nadaljnjo filtracijo, koncentracijo in sušenjem v vakuumu. Za kvantitativno ugotavljanje kemijskih sestavin SPEECS je bila uporabljena tehnika plinske kromatografije in masne spektrometrije (GC-MS). Štiriindvajset samcev podgan Wistar je bilo naključno razporejenih v štiri skupine (n=6): normalna kontrola, kontrola DM, DM + 200 mg/kg SPEECS in DM + 400 mg/kg SPEECS. DM je bil pri podganah sprožen z intraperitonealno injekcijo 200 mg/kg telesne mase alloxana. Po 14 dneh zdravljenja so bile pri različnih skupinah določene spremembe telesne teže in nivo glukoze v krvi (na tešče). Poleg tega so avtorji raziskave izmerili še nekatere serumske biokemične parametre kot so ravni alaninske aminotransferaze (ALT), aspartatne aminotransferaze (AST), alkalne fosfataze (ALP), albumina (ALB), skupnih proteinov (TP), malondialdehida (MDA), superoksiddismutaze (SOD) in katalaze (CAT). Rezultati GC-MS so v izvlečku SPEECS pokazali devet bioaktivnih spojin, v katerih je največ 9-oktadecenojske kisline (55,75%). SPEECS (200 in 400 mg/kg) je povzročil znatno (P 0,05) povečanje telesne mase, znižanje glukoze v krvi na tešče in znižal raven encimov pokazateljev jetrne funkcije (ALT, AST, ALP), medtem ko je bila raven TP in ALB pri podganah, ki so prejemale SPEECS izrazito povišana v primerjavi z DM kontrolno skupino. Zdravljenje s SPEECS je tudi oslabilo aktivnosti SOD in CAT, medtem ko se je raven MDA znatno zmanjšala (P 0,05) v primerjavi s kontrolno skupino DM. Ta študija je pokazala, da lahko SPEECS ublaži hiperglikemijo pri sladkorni bolezni pri podganah.Ključne besede: Copaifera salikounda; oksidativni stres; zdravilne rastline; sladkorna bolezen; fitokemikalije; ortodoksni

FIRST REPORT OF Paenibacillus cineris FROM A BURMESE PYTHON (Python molurus bivittatus) WITH ORAL ABSCESS

We report a case of oral abscess caused by Paenibacillus cineris in a pet Burmese python. Microbiological and nucleic acid sequencing showed high similarity to the reference strain P. cineris (113XG30) isolated in China. Although Paenibacillus spp. are environmental bacteria, we highlight the importance of careful consideration of such unusual organisms in exotic reptiles.Key words: Paenibacillus cineris; python; pharyngeal abscessPRVO POROČILO O OSAMITVI Paenibacillus cineris IZ BURMANSKEGA PITONA (Python molurus bivittatus) Z ORALNIM ABSCESOMV članku je opisan primer oralnega abscesa, ki ga je povzročila bakterija Paenibacillus cineris pri hišnem burmanskem pitonu. Mikrobiološko in nukleinsko kislinsko zaporedje je pokazalo visoko podobnost z referenčnim sevom P. cineris (113XG30), izoliranim na Kitajskem. Čeprav spada Paenibacillus spp. med okoljske bakterije, lahko takšni neobičajni mikroorganizmi pri eksotičnih plazilcih povzročajo tudi zdravstvene težave in jim moramo posvečati pozornost.Ključne besede: Paenibacillus cineris; piton; žrelni absces