scholarly journals Comparative data concerning aflatoxin contents in Bt maize and non-Bt isogenic maize in relation to human and animal health – a review

2015 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimír Ostrý ◽  
František Malíř ◽  
Annie Pfohl-Leszkowicz
Keyword(s):  
European Corn Borer ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Toxin Production ◽  
Larval Feeding ◽  
Maize Breeding ◽  
Bt Maize ◽  
Corn Borer ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Bt Toxin

Transgenic Bt maize is a potentially important tool against insect pest in the EU and other countries. Bt maize (e.g. MON 810, Bt 11) which carries the Bt gene is highly resistant to larval feeding of European corn borer, stalk borer, and Southwestern corn borer, depending on Bt toxin (δ toxin) production. Effective measures used to fight pests may often have positive side-effects in that they may also contribute to reducing mycotoxin concentrations. A systematic review has been used for the purposes of evaluating the studies on the reduction of aflatoxins in Bt maize. According to five studies, Bt maize has significantly lower concentrations of aflatoxins than non-Bt maize hybrids, only one study has shown no significant effect of Bt maize. Other studies have shown mixed results (four studies). The results of these studies were influenced by the year of sampling or by using maize breeding lines selected for resistance to aflatoxin accumulation.

scholarly journals Mycotoxin contamination in maize triggered by arthropod pests and the related protection possibilities

2017 ◽  
pp. 59-64
Author(s):  
Dávid Horváth
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Ostrinia Nubilalis ◽  
European Corn Borer ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Mechanical Damage ◽  
Western Corn Rootworm ◽  
Corn Rootworm ◽  
Corn Borer ◽  
Mycotoxin Contamination ◽  
Arthropod Pests

Mycotoxin contamination in harvested maize has increased in the last decades, which can be unequivocally back to the plant health troubles caused by global warming. The increasing of wounds in maize crops was occurred by climate change both on direct (hailstorm) and indirect(newly appeared pests) ways. In additional, the settling phytopathogenic microfungi on these plant wounds inflict serious human and animal health problems.The changing of Hungarian arthropod pests assemblages stand in the background of this dangerous nuisance complex. The spreading of European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis Hbn.) bivoltine ecotype as well as the newly appeared adventive species [cotton bollworm Helicoverpa armigera Hbn.), western corn rootworm (Diabrotica v. virgifera LeConte), fourspotted-sapbeetle (Glischrochilus quadrisignatus Say)] in Hungary can be responsible for this situation. In total, all technological elements, which obstruct the damage of these chewing mouthparts pests, as well as moderate the mechanical damage of maize, can be contribute to the reduction of both these phytopathogens injuries and mycotoxin contaminations.

scholarly journals Aboveground Herbivory Influences Belowground Defense Responses in Maize

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lise Pingault ◽  
Saumik Basu ◽  
Prince Zogli ◽  
W. Paul Williams ◽  
Nathan Palmer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
European Corn Borer ◽  
Proteinase Inhibitors ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Diabrotica Virgifera Virgifera ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Corn Borer ◽  
Root Physiology ◽  
Aboveground Herbivory

The European corn borer (ECB; Ostrinia nubilalis) is an economically damaging insect pest of maize (Zea mays L.), an important cereal crop widely grown globally. Among inbred lines, the maize genotype Mp708 has shown resistance to diverse herbivorous insects, although several aspects of the defense mechanisms of Mp708 plants are yet to be explored. Here, the changes in root physiology arising from short-term feeding by ECB on the shoot tissues of Mp708 plants was evaluated directly using transcriptomics, and indirectly by monitoring changes in growth of western corn rootworm (WCR; Diabrotica virgifera virgifera) larvae. Mp708 defense responses negatively impacted both ECB and WCR larval weights, providing evidence for changes in root physiology in response to ECB feeding on shoot tissues. There was a significant downregulation of genes in the root tissues following short-term ECB feeding, including genes needed for direct defense (e.g., proteinase inhibitors and chitinases). Our transcriptomic analysis also revealed specific regulation of the genes involved in hormonal and metabolite pathways in the roots of Mp708 plants subjected to ECB herbivory. These data provide support for the long-distance signaling-mediated defense in Mp708 plants and suggest that altered metabolite profiles of roots in response to ECB feeding of shoots likely negatively impacted WCR growth.

Frequency of alleles conferring resistance to Bt maize in French and US corn belt populations of the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis

2002 ◽  
Vol 106 (7) ◽  
pp. 1225-1233 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Bourguet ◽  
J. Chaufaux ◽  
M. Séguin ◽  
C. Buisson ◽  
J. L. Hinton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ostrinia Nubilalis ◽  
European Corn Borer ◽  
Corn Belt ◽  
Bt Maize ◽  
Corn Borer

scholarly journals Characterization of Chimeric Bacillus thuringiensis Vip3 Toxins

2006 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 956-961 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Fang ◽  
Xiaoli Xu ◽  
Ping Wang ◽  
Jian-Zhou Zhao ◽  
Anthony M. Shelton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Thuringiensis ◽  
Trichoplusia Ni ◽  
European Corn Borer ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Chimeric Protein ◽  
Fall Armyworm ◽  
Terminal Region ◽  
Cabbage Looper ◽  
Cross Resistance ◽  
Corn Borer

ABSTRACT Bacillus thuringiensis vegetative insecticidal proteins (Vip) are potential alternatives for B. thuringiensis endotoxins that are currently utilized in commercial transgenic insect-resistant crops. Screening a large number of B. thuringiensis isolates resulted in the cloning of vip3Ac1. Vip3Ac1 showed high insecticidal activity against the fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda and the cotton bollworm Helicoverpa zea but very low activity against the silkworm Bombyx mori. The host specificity of this Vip3 toxin was altered by sequence swapping with a previously identified toxin, Vip3Aa1. While both Vip3Aa1 and Vip3Ac1 showed no detectable toxicity against the European corn borer Ostrinia nubilalis, the chimeric protein Vip3AcAa, consisting of the N-terminal region of Vip3Ac1 and the C-terminal region of Vip3Aa1, became insecticidal to the European corn borer. In addition, the chimeric Vip3AcAa had increased toxicity to the fall armyworm. Furthermore, both Vip3Ac1 and Vip3AcAa are highly insecticidal to a strain of cabbage looper (Trichoplusia ni) that is highly resistant to the B. thuringiensis endotoxin Cry1Ac, thus experimentally showing for the first time the lack of cross-resistance between B. thuringiensis Cry1A proteins and Vip3A toxins. The results in this study demonstrated that vip3Ac1 and its chimeric vip3 genes can be excellent candidates for engineering a new generation of transgenic plants for insect pest control.

scholarly journals Identifikasi Sumber Ketahanan Aksesi Plasma Nutfah Kedelai untuk Ulat Grayak Spodoptera litura F.

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suharsono Suharsono ◽  
M. Muchlish Adie
Keyword(s):  
Spodoptera Litura ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Larval Mortality ◽  
Crop Protection ◽  
Leaf Damage ◽  
Larval Feeding ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Common Cutworm ◽  
The Common ◽  
Biological Aspects

<p>The important<br />aspect of development of resistant plant to insect pest is source<br />of resistance. Study the resistance of 14 advance soybean<br />breeding lines to common cutworm Spodoptera litura F. was<br />conducted at the Laboratory of Crop Protection, Indonesian<br />Legumes and Tuber Crops Research Institute (ILETRI)<br />Malang in February-September, 2006. Leaf damage and larval<br />development on resistant genotypes was recorded to measure<br />the level of resistance. It was found that the susceptibility of<br />soybeans to the common cutworm significantly varied among<br />the breeding lines. The leaf damage of IAC-100, IAC 80-596-<br />2, and W/80-2-4-20 from larval feeding were 17.67, 18.52, and<br />23.70% respectively lower than Wilis variety with 35.57% of<br />leaf damage. These breeding lines consistently possess same<br />level of resistance to S. litura. In addition, the resistant<br />breeding lines affect on biological aspects i.e. prolonged<br />duration of larval stage, reduced larval and pupae gain weight,<br />and cause significant larval mortality compared with Wilis<br />variety. The study suggested that IAC-100, IAC 80-596-2, and<br />W/80-2-4-20 could be used as a source of resistance for S.<br />litura in breeding program.</p>

scholarly journals The impact of Bacillus thuringiensis technology on the occurrence of fumonisins and other mycotoxins in maize

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 475-486 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Díaz-Gómez ◽  
S. Marín ◽  
T. Capell ◽  
V. Sanchis ◽  
A.J. Ramos
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Thuringiensis ◽  
Fungal Infection ◽  
European Corn Borer ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Bt Maize ◽  
Cry1ab Protein ◽  
Corn Borer ◽  
Maize Hybrids ◽  
The Impact

In many developing countries, maize is both a staple food crop and a widely-used animal feed. However, adventitious colonisation or damage caused by insect pests allows fungi to penetrate the vegetative parts of the plant and the kernels, the latter resulting in mycotoxin contamination. Maize seeds contaminated with fumonisins and other mycotoxins pose a serious threat to both humans and livestock. However, numerous studies have reported a significant reduction in pest damage, disease symptoms and fumonisin levels in maize hybrids expressing the Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) gene cry1Ab, particularly in areas where the European corn borer is prevalent. When other pests are also present, the cry1Ab gene alone offers insufficient protection, and combinations of insecticidal genes are required to reduce damage to plants caused by insects. The combination of Cry1Ab protein with other Cry proteins (such as Cry1F) or Vip proteins has reduced the incidence of pests and, indirectly, mycotoxin levels. Maize hybrids expressing multiple Bt genes, such as SmartStax®, are less susceptible to damage by insects, but mycotoxin levels are not routinely and consistently compared in these crops. Bt maize has a greater economic impact on Fusarium toxins than aflatoxins. The main factors that determine the effectiveness of Bt hybrids are the type of pest and the environmental conditions, but the different fungal infection pathways must also be considered. An alternative strategy to reduce mycotoxin levels in crops is the development of transgenic plants expressing genes that protect against fungal infection or reduce mycotoxin levels by in situ detoxification. In this review article, we summarise what is known about the relationship between the cultivation of Bt maize hybrids and contamination levels with different types of mycotoxins.

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