scholarly journals FULL-FLEDGED SEMANTIC ANALYSIS AS A TOOL FOR RESOLVING TRIANGLE-COPA SOCIAL SCENARIOS

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. M. Boguslavsky ◽  
◽  
V. G. Dikonov ◽  
T. I. Frolova ◽  
L. L. Iomdin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Common Sense ◽  
Semantic Analysis ◽  
Multiple Choice ◽  
General Purpose ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Text Interpretation ◽  
Common Sense Reasoning ◽  
Two Alternatives ◽  
Common Sense Knowledge

Text interpretation often requires common sense knowledge and reasoning. A convenient tool for developing methods of common sense reasoning are special sets of challenge problems whose interpretation requires sophisticated reasoning. An interesting example is a recently published data set called Triangle Choice of Plausible Alternatives (Triangle-COPA), which contains 100 multiple-choice problems that test the interpretation of social scenarios. Each problem includes a statement and two alternatives. The task is to identify the more plausible alternative. For processing Triangle-COPA data we use SemETAP, a general purpose semantic analyzer. We implement the full scenario of NL understanding starting from NL texts and not from manually composed simplified logical formulas, which is a common practice in logic-based approaches to common sense reasoning. We produce Enhanced Semantic Structures of the statement and both alternatives and check which alternative manifests more semantic agreement with the statement in terms of inferences.

scholarly journals A Natural Logic System for Large Knowledge Bases

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Troels Andreasen ◽  
Henrik Bulskov ◽  
Jørgen Fischer Nilsson
Keyword(s):  
Common Sense ◽  
Scaling Up ◽  
Inference Engine ◽  
Knowledge Bases ◽  
General Purpose ◽  
Software System ◽  
Database Application ◽  
Natural Logic ◽  
Common Sense Reasoning ◽  
Database Operations

This paper describes principles and structure for a software system that implements a dialect of natural logic for knowledge bases. Natural logics are formal logics that resemble stylized natural language fragments, and whose reasoning rules reflect common-sense reasoning. Natural logics may be seen as forms of extended syllogistic logic. The paper proposes and describes realization of deductive querying functionalities using a previously specified natural logic dialect called Natura-Log. In focus here is the engineering of an inference engine employing as a key feature relational database operations. Thereby the inference steps are subjected to computation in bulk for scaling-up to large knowledge bases. Accordingly, the system eventually is to be realized as a general-purpose database application package with the database being turned logical knowledge base.

Qualitative Spatial Reasoning

2011 ◽  
pp. 3175-3180
Author(s):  
Shyamanta M. Hazarika
Keyword(s):  
Common Sense ◽  
Spatial Reasoning ◽  
Qualitative Reasoning ◽  
Physical Situation ◽  
Qualitative Spatial Reasoning ◽  
Common Sense Reasoning ◽  
Naive Physics ◽  
Qualitative Physics ◽  
And Mathematics ◽  
Common Sense Knowledge

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has, as one of its central topics, the ability to represent and reason with common sense knowledge. Early forays into common sense reasoning about the physical world involved solving textbook problems on physics and mathematics. These were not adequate for reasoning about most commonplace physical scenarios. A system suggested by DeKleer, involving both quantitative knowledge and qualitative information concerning the physical situation marked the starting point for qualitative physics (Weld & DeKleer, 1990). Hayes’ Naive Physics Manifesto (Hayes, 1985) paved the way for establishing qualitative physics (meantime re-christened qualitative reasoning) as an important topic of research within AI. Qualitative Reasoning (QR) is an approach for dealing with common sense knowledge without recourse to complete quantitative knowledge. Representation of knowledge is through a limited repository of qualitative abstractions. Space and spatial change is an important part of common sense reasoning. Naive Physics Manifesto proposed to represent space-time with four-dimensional histories. Despite early forays such as the Naive Physics Manifesto, representation of space within QR has been ill addressed. Nevertheless, there has been an increasing interest over the last few years in qualitative spatial reasoning - reasoning about space using qualitative abstractions.

scholarly journals Sentiment Extraction: Integrating Statistical Parsing, Semantic Analysis, and Common Sense Reasoning

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 1853-1858
Author(s):  
Lokendra Shastri ◽  
Anju Parvathy ◽  
Abhishek Kumar ◽  
John Wesley ◽  
Rajesh Balakrishnan
Keyword(s):  
Common Sense ◽  
Social Networking Sites ◽  
Semantic Analysis ◽  
Business Value ◽  
Multiple Features ◽  
Business Decisions ◽  
Complex Sentences ◽  
Common Sense Reasoning ◽  
Statistical Parsing ◽  
Domain Independent

Much of the ongoing explosion of digital content is in the form of text. This content is a virtual gold-mine of information that can inform a range of social, governmental, and business decisions. For example, using content available on blogs and social networking sites businesses can find out what its customers are saying about their products and services. In the digital age where customer is king, the business value of ascertaining consumer sentiment cannot be overstated. People express sentiments in myriad ways. At times, they use simple, direct assertions, but most often they use sentences involving comparisons, conjunctions expressing multiple and possibly opposing sentiments about multiple features and entities,and pronominal references whose resolution requires discourse level context. Frequently people use abbreviations, slang, SMSese, idioms and metaphors. Understanding the latter also requires common sense reasoning. In this paper, we present iSEE, a fully implemented sentiment extraction engine, which makes use of statistical methods, classical NLU techniques, common sense reasoning, and probabilistic inference to extract entity and feature specific sentiment from complex sentences and dialog. Most of the components of iSEE are domain independent and the system can be generalized to new domains by simply adding domain relevant lexicons.

scholarly journals The liberation of nature and knowledge: a case study on Hans Reichenbach’s naturalism

Synthese ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
László Kocsis ◽  
Adam Tamas Tuboly
Keyword(s):  
Common Sense ◽  
Interesting Case ◽  
Valuable Contribution ◽  
Rhetorical Strategy ◽  
Scientific Philosophy ◽  
Political Program ◽  
History Of ◽  
Contemporary Context ◽  
Common Sense Knowledge

AbstractOur main goal in this paper is to present and scrutinize Reichenbach’s own naturalism in our contemporary context, with special attention to competing versions of the concept. By exploring the idea of Reichenbach’s naturalism, we will argue that he defended a liberating, therapeutic form of naturalism, meaning that he took scientific philosophy (or philosophy of nature, Naturphilosophie) to be a possible cure for bad old habits and traditional ways of philosophy. For Reichenbach, naturalistic scientific philosophy was a well-established form of liberation. We do not intend to suggest that Reichenbach acted as an inventor of naturalism; nonetheless, invoking the term and the idea of ‘naturalism’ is more than a simple rhetorical strategy for rehabilitating Reichenbach as a forerunner of this field. We think that his ideas can make a valuable contribution to contemporary debates, and that he presents an interesting case among the other scientifically oriented proponents of his time. After presenting a short reconstruction of the meaning of naturalism—or, more appropriately, naturalisms—in order to be able to correctly situate Reichenbach within his own as well as a systematic context, we discuss Reichenbach’s naturalism against the background of his scientific philosophy, his views on the relation of common-sense knowledge to science, and his efforts at popularization. To delve deeper into this topic, we present a case study to show how Reichenbach argued that in both scientific and philosophical discussions (assuming their naturalistic continuity), it is necessary to move from the request and value of truth to probability. And, finally, we argue that the liberation of knowledge and nature was a socio-political program for Reichenbach, who talked about his own scientific philosophy as “a crusade.” By emphasizing this aspect of Reichenbach’s naturalism, we may be in a better position to situate him in the history of analytic philosophy in general, and in the yet-to-be-written narrative of the naturalistic movement in particular.

Estimating performance from capabilities in business process improvement

2016 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 1099-1117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Boyd A. Nicholds ◽  
John P.T. Mo
Keyword(s):  
Process Improvement ◽  
Business Process ◽  
Expected Improvement ◽  
Management Decision ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Performance Gain ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Business Process Improvement ◽  
Improvement Project ◽  
Content Type

Purpose The research indicates there is a positive link between the improvement capability of an organisation and the intensity of effort applied to a business process improvement (BPI) project or initiative. While a degree of stochastic variation in applied effort to any particular improvement project may be expected there is a clear need to quantify the causal relationship, to assist management decision, and to enhance the chance of achieving and sustaining the expected improvement targets. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach The paper presents a method to obtain the function that estimates the range of applicable effort an organisation can expect to be able to apply based on their current improvement capability. The method used analysed published data as well as regression analysis of new data points obtained from completed process improvement projects. Findings The level of effort available to be applied to a process improvement project can be expressed as a regression function expressing the possible range of achievable BPI performance within 90 per cent confidence limits. Research limitations/implications The data set applied by this research is limited due to constraints during the research project. A more accurate function can be obtained with more industry data. Practical implications When the described function is combined with a separate non-linear function of performance gain vs effort a model of performance gain for a process improvement project as a function of organisational improvement capability is obtained. The probability of success in achieving performance targets may be estimated for a process improvement project. Originality/value The method developed in this research is novel and unique and has the potential to be applied to assessing an organisation’s capability to manage change.

Relative testis size and mating systems in anurans: large testis in multiple-male mating in foam-nesting frogs

2011 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 225-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wen Bo Liao ◽  
Zhi Ping Mi ◽  
Cai Quan Zhou ◽  
Ling Jin ◽  
Xian Han ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sperm Competition ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Male Mating ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Testis Size ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Monogamous Species ◽  
Large Testis ◽  
Testes Size ◽  
Testis Mass

AbstractComparative studies of the relative testes size in animals show that promiscuous species have relatively larger testes than monogamous species. Sperm competition favours the evolution of larger ejaculates in many animals – they give bigger testes. In the view, we presented data on relative testis mass for 17 Chinese species including 3 polyandrous species. We analyzed relative testis mass within the Chinese data set and combining those data with published data sets on Japanese and African frogs. We found that polyandrous foam nesting species have relatively large testes, suggesting that sperm competition was an important factor affecting the evolution of relative testes size. For 4 polyandrous species testes mass is positively correlated with intensity (males/mating) but not with risk (frequency of polyandrous matings) of sperm competition.

scholarly journals Children with 5′-end NF1 gene mutations are more likely to have glioma

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
pp. e192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Corina Anastasaki ◽  
Stephanie M. Morris ◽  
Feng Gao ◽  
David H. Gutmann
Keyword(s):  
Gene Mutation ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Gene Mutations ◽  
Neurofibromatosis Type ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Nonsense Mutations ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Nf1 Gene ◽  
The Relationship

Objective:To ascertain the relationship between the germline NF1 gene mutation and glioma development in patients with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1).Methods:The relationship between the type and location of the germline NF1 mutation and the presence of a glioma was analyzed in 37 participants with NF1 from one institution (Washington University School of Medicine [WUSM]) with a clinical diagnosis of NF1. Odds ratios (ORs) were calculated using both unadjusted and weighted analyses of this data set in combination with 4 previously published data sets.Results:While no statistical significance was observed between the location and type of the NF1 mutation and glioma in the WUSM cohort, power calculations revealed that a sample size of 307 participants would be required to determine the predictive value of the position or type of the NF1 gene mutation. Combining our data set with 4 previously published data sets (n = 310), children with glioma were found to be more likely to harbor 5′-end gene mutations (OR = 2; p = 0.006). Moreover, while not clinically predictive due to insufficient sensitivity and specificity, this association with glioma was stronger for participants with 5′-end truncating (OR = 2.32; p = 0.005) or 5′-end nonsense (OR = 3.93; p = 0.005) mutations relative to those without glioma.Conclusions:Individuals with NF1 and glioma are more likely to harbor nonsense mutations in the 5′ end of the NF1 gene, suggesting that the NF1 mutation may be one predictive factor for glioma in this at-risk population.

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