Problems and Principles of Reconstruction of Certain Concepts of Philosophy and Cultural Narratives (Methodological Considerations)

The article deals with the problems and principles of reconstruction of certain concepts of philosophy and cultural narratives. The reason was the discussion of N. Kanaeva's report at the Institute of Philosophy, read at a seminar on the geography of rationality. Analyzing V. Bibikhin's work "Wittgenstein: Change of Aspect", the author poses the problem of correctly (to avoid contradictions and reach an understandable logic of text interpretation) reading the narratives of a foreign culture or even the narratives of one's own culture, but belonging to a different direction of thought. Such a reading, he claims, presupposes special optics, a hermeneutic concept and a cultural-historical reconstruction. To introduce and clarify what can be understood by such concepts (optics, concept and reconstruction), an analysis of two cases is proposed: semiotic schemes and G. Oldenberg's study of the Buddha's teachings. The schemes are discussed on the basis of the works of Plato ("Feast" and "Timaeus"). The author shows that Plato in "The Feast" constructs schemes for solving problem situations and specifying ideal objects, and in "Timaeus" he discusses the nature of schemes. In turn, Oldenberg reconstructs the prehistory of Buddhism and the basic ideas proposed by the Buddha. A feature of its reconstruction is an appeal to the culture of Ancient India, an analysis of the ancient Hindu consciousness and mentality, a discussion of the features of Buddhist discourse. The author concludes that if the ideas about Buddhism outlined by Oldenberg are used for the purpose of understanding Buddhist narratives, then these ideas as optics can be summed up under the notion of a hermeneutic concept. This concept is structured in such a way that it clearly takes into account the peculiarities of the Hindu culture and mentality, as different from the European ones.

PERIPATEO DAN STOIKHEO : PENGERTIAN TEKS “BERJALAN DALAM ROH”

“Berjalan dalam Roh” adalah ungkapan yang sering kita dengar di kalangan Kristen terutama di kalangan Pentakosta. Tetapi berjalan dalam Roh bukan sekedar ungkapan, ini adalah cara hidup seorang Kristen. Dalam Surat Galatia perkataaan “berjalan” ditulis “peripateo” (Gal 5:16) dan “stoikheo” (Gal 5:25). Peripateo artinya berjalan secara fisik atau melangkah dan secara figuratif sering diterjemahkan sebagai hidup atau cara hidup. Sehingga berjalan dalam Roh adalah cara hidup orang Kristen atau langkah orang Kristen untuk berjalan bersama Tuhan. Sedangkan "stoikheo" artinya berjalan dengan tujuan yang jelas dalam satu garis lurus, sehingga orang yang berjalan tinggal mengikuti orang yang ada di depannya. Kedua kata ini mengajarkan bahwa kita harus aktif bertindak untuk melangkah sambil mengikuti yang ada di depannya. Orang yang berada di depan kita adalah Yesus Kristus, dan setiap orang percaya harus mengikut jejak-Nya. Karena Yesus berkata, “Marilah ikut Aku”. Perkataan Yesus ini menggambarkan seseorang yang berjalan mengikuti Yesus dalam satugaris lurus. Paulus mengatakan bahwa dirinya adalah peniru Tuhan (1Kor 11:1) dan ia menganjurkan kepada orang Kristen agar mengikuti apa yang ia telah lakukan, yaitu menjadi seorang peniru Tuhan.Jemaat di Tesalonika menuruti nasihatnya dan menjadi peniru Tuhan dan peniru Paulus (1Tes. 1:6), sedangkan jemaat di Efesus peniru Allah (Ef. 5:1). Jadi berjalan dalam Roh artinya meniru apa yang Tuhan kerjakan atau bekerja bersama-sama dengan Tuhan. Supaya mudah meniru, maka kita memerlukan contoh-contoh dari kehidupan orang-orang kudus yang ada dalam Alkitab, baik dalam Perjanjian Lama maupun Perjanjian Baru. Jika kita berjalan dalam Roh Kudus, maka kita mendapat manfaat besar dalam pertumbuhan iman, sehingga pertumbuhan rohaninya sangat baik, bahkan lama kelamaan bisa menjadi sempurna seperti Kristus. Kita perlu berjalan dalam Roh, sebab kita memiliki banyak musuh antara lain Iblis, dunia dan kedagingan. Ketiga musuh ini bisa dikalahkan kalau kita terus menerus mau dipimpin Roh Kudus. AbstractMost Christians are familiar with the term "walking in the Spirit", yet the term does notexist in the Indonesian Bible, even though the English Bible has it. How can we explain thephenomenon and the origin of the term? According to the Epistle of Galatians 5:16 and5:25 which are the main subjects of this article, there are two words related to that term:peripateo and stoikheo. The article is an exploration to their meaning. The methodologyused in this journal is biblical text interpretation followed with further exploration on theharmony of this teaching of Galatian 5 with the content of other texts in the Bible. Fromthis research, it was found that the terms "peripateo" (Gal 5:16) and "stoikheo" (Gal 5:25)indicate a lifestyle and consistency to follow a straight line or line of people who havefollowed Christ earlier. It is also closely related to what Jesus said that everyone whofollows Him must deny themselves and take up the cross. The study clarifies the meaningof walking in the Spirit: it means that whoever follows Jesus should carry the cross anddeny himself while walking together in the line of people before him.

Commentaires sur des vers problématiquesdu manuscrit de Cambridge du Roland

There are three extant editions of the Cambridge version of The Song of Roland. However, only the last one – that is, the van Emden edition – has a detailed examination of verses that pose subtle difficulties. Thus, although the manuscript’s text has been established, except for a few incorrect or uncertain readings, a more comprehensive examination of the text has just begun. This paper exhaustively contemplates the nuanced interpretations, unconvincing expansions of abbreviations, lexical and morphologic problems, and linguistic particularities of the copyist of this edition. It also considers modifications of the text, interpretation of problematic verses, and editorial methodology. The aspects listed above are not rigidly categorised because every case involves several points of view. The author of this paper has almost accomplished a fresh edition of the same manuscript, Édition électronique du Roland de Cambridge, which will soon be made available. The present paper offers supplementary information for the readers of this edition.

Bare Root Infinitives in German

The aim of this paper is to show how linguistic and literary studies can benefit from a joint work about linguistic structures in poetry. Firstly, the analysis of poetry has an important impact on linguistic theory as it leads our attention to specific structures and meanings that so far have not been considered. Secondly, a close linguistic analysis can reveal hitherto overlooked facets of meaning which have a great significance for the overall interpretation of a poem. We focus on Bare Root Infinitives (BRIs) in German. As they lack the features for tense, mood, person and number, they are more flexible in meaning than finite forms. When looking at poetry, besides the well-known deontic and bouleticmeanings (cf. Reis 1995, 2003; Gärtner 2014) a third meaning that we call reactive meaning stands out. Remarkably, this reactive meaning can also be found in everyday language. Its specific semantic properties show that a semantic analysis of BRIs in the style of Kaufmann (2012) is adequate: modality, but not non-referentiality, is a “hard-wired” semantic property of BRIs. The specific case study of the poem ‘muster fixieren’ (‘fixating patterns’) by Nico Bleutge reveals how the restricted context of the poem interacts with the different interpretations of BRIs to arrive at a complex text interpretation. Keywords: bare root infinitives, semantic-pragmatic interface, poetry, modality, pragmatic enrichment, semantics

Dialogue functions in the literary text (based on French fictional prose)

Рассматриваются основные функции диалога как компонента художественного текста. Предпринята попытка описания прагматических свойств диалогических высказываний персонажей французской художественной прозы. Материалом исследования послужили диалогические фрагменты из произведений современных французских авторов Анри Труайя и Гийома Мюссо. Использованы методы контекстуального и прагмалингвистического анализа высказываний, позволившие, в частности, интерпретировать возможности структурных единиц языка для выражения интенций адресанта. Отмечается, что функционально-коммуникативный подход при анализе художественного диалога открывает новые возможности исследования речевого поведения персонажа. Последовательность представления диалогических составляющих в художественном тексте несет существенную смысловую нагрузку, отражая закономерности развертывания исходных ценностных конфликтов. Научная новизна и теоретическая значимость заключаются в выявлении прагматических функций диалогических высказываний в художественном произведении. Результаты исследования могут найти применение в практическом курсе интерпретации текста в процессе преподавания французского языка. The article deals with issues related to the main functions of dialogue as a component of a fiction text. Attempts are made to describe the pragmatic properties of the dialogical utterances of the characters of French fiction. Dialogical fragments from the works of contemporary French authors Henri Troyat and Guillaume Musso are served as the material for the study. The methods of contextual and pragmalinguistic analysis of utterances are used in the work, which allow us, in particular, to interpret the possibilities of the structural units of the language for expressing the intentions of the addressee. It is noted that the functional-communicative approach in the analysis of artistic dialogue opens up new opportunities for the study of the character’s speech behavior. The sequence of presentation of dialogic components in a fiction text carries a significant semantic load, reflecting the regularities of the development of the original value conflicts. Scientific novelty and theoretical significance lie in identifying the pragmatic functions of dialogical statements in a work of art. The research results can be applied in a practical course of text interpretation in the process of teaching French.

READING SUGGESTION: THE REPUBLIC

Background: Does history really repeat itself? Is it possible that a book written by Plato around 375 BC could have any relation to the present? Aim: to verify the ideas of Plato and to reflect if there is any kind of correlation with the present. Methods: Reading and text interpretation. Reflection. Results and Discussion In a period of restriction of ideas, it is relevant that after reading this book, a reflection is made on the paths that civilization is rapidly taking. Book VIII discusses four unjust constitutions: timocracy, oligarchy, democracy, and tyranny. It is argued that a society will decay and go through each successive government, eventually becoming a tyranny, the most unjust regime of all. Conclusions: Many societies decay, the downfall of a prosperous society takes place quickly.

Hermeneutics and its New Tendencies: to the Question of Aesthetic Paradigm Change

Introduction. The work examines the main vector of development of contemporary literary and hermeneutics studies. The main aim is to show how the view of the text has changed and what are the important tools in the process of its interpretation.Methodology and sources. Firstly, various philosophical and literary approaches to texts are considered. One of the main ideas behind the research method is the comparison of the modernist, post-modernist and meta-modernist paradigm in the process of text interpretation. Another important aspect is the consideration of symptomatic and surface reading, as an important tool in the discussion of whether the text bears any meaning apart from the directly deducable and what is the most contemporary if not the best way of interpreting it. Most texts analyzed are literary examples, mainly taken from Anglophone literature.Results and discussion. The results of the research state a number of tendencies in the view of contemporary hermeneutics. Among the general conclusion of the shift from modernist to post-modern and meta-modern patterns in the narrative. Regarding the process of text interpretation what is stated is a general tendency to see the surface l evel of the text as bearing all the necessary and important meanings. The older and more conservative approach of bringing meaning into the text is also at work, depending on the traditions. Elimination of text interpretation (or denying it its original im portance) is also an important point of view, as it states that a literary text explains more than any supporting attempt of its explanation. Another important feature is a tendency of a modern literary text to adopt characteristics of poetry. The psychoanalytic view is competing with post-modernist or meta-modernist view.Conclusion. Metamodernist tendency, surface reading and attention to the literary text itself, and not its further explanation seems to be the core of a contemporary view of literary texts, their interpretation and, hense, meaning.

The Rhetoric of “Bragoro”: The Philosophy Behind Akan Traditional Concept of Marriage

This paper discusses the intertextual relationship between the world of Akan Bragoro (puberty rites) song texts and the real world of Akans. The Akan Bragoro song texts are performed during Bragoro celebrations and the song texts define the Akan concept of sex and marriage within the parameters of traditional Akan philosophy. The paper uses qualitative research methods that are irrigated by ethnographic and stylistics approaches to text interpretation. The findings of the research indicate that texts of Akan Bragoro songs key all the meanings this traditional philosophy has to offer: sex is strictly a marital affair and marriage is for those who are prepared for it. The stylistics of the song texts also frame the epistemic of Akan love and that the basic condition of Akan conjugal love is a good character on the side of both the man and the woman. The paper further reveals that the Akan Bragoro song texts constitute the site where the precipitates of Akan marriage are provided and Bragoro initiates are introduced to the Akan way of life. These precipitates are rehearsed in performance year after year, making the Akan Bragoro an enduring cultural practice that guides the life of the Akans throughout all ages. Keywords: Performance, Bragoro song texts, Verbal art, Cognitive poetics, Tradition

Intention and Attention in Image-Text Presentations: A Coherence Approach

In image-text presentations from online discourse, pronouns can refer to entities depicted in images, even if these entities are not otherwise referred to in a text caption. While visual salience may be enough to allow a writer to use a pronoun to refer to a prominent entity in the image, coherence theory suggests that pronoun use is more restricted. Specifically, language users may need an appropriate coherence relation between text and imagery to license and resolve pronouns. To explore this hypothesis and better understand the relationship between image context and text interpretation, we annotated an image-text data set with coherence relations and pronoun information. We find that pronoun use reflects a complex interaction between the content of the pronoun, the grammar of the text, and the relation of text and image.