3. The history of political thought and Marxism

‘The history of political thought and Marxism’ focuses on Marxism, which became the most global and scientific philosophy in the twentieth century. An important figure here is Karl Marx, the outcast from Prussian Trier that famously contributed to the science of historical materialism. Marx’s The Condition of the Working Class in England justified revolution through a philosophy that emerged from reading European history. Marx, along with Friedrich Engels, accepted that the progress of commerce by the end of the eighteenth century made European states more powerful than others in history. Marx’s contemporaries believed that the study of societies in every stage of history is vital in understanding the future.

BRENTANO ON SCIENTIFIC PHILOSOPHY AND POSITIVISM*

ABSTRACT In this paper, I analyze Brentano’s fourth habilitation thesis, according to which the philosophical method should be none other than the natural scientific one. The meaning of this thesis can be initially assessed through an examination of Brentano’s views on the relationship between natural and human sciences. His arguments for methodological unity in this debate show that he actually argues for an overarching idea of scientific knowledge, which is not restricted to the fields already recognized as scientific, but which can also be applied to philosophical domain. A fuller comprehension of that idea is provided by Brentano’s writings on Comte’s positivism.

Developing a Philosophy of Scientific Advancement in Muhammadiyah Higher Education Institutions Based on Al-Islam and Kemuhammadiyahan (AIK) Principles

This article addresses critical ideas about constructing scientific philosophy within the Muhammadiyah and ‘Aisyiyah Higher Learning Institutions (PTMA) circles through the concept of integrating Al-Islam and Kemuhammadiyahan (Islam and Muhammadiyah Principles), abbreviated as AIK, into the process of developing knowledge and science. Thus, the author provides a broad definition of AIK and distinguishes it into three main aspects. In the next step, the author explains two reasons for developing scientific philosophy in PTMA, including internal reasons in Muhammadiyah and Islam and external ones related to the development of modern science. Consequently, two approaches can be applied to integrate AIK into scientific development through objective and subjective approaches. In definition, the objective approach is a way of dealing with the issues through analyzing and re-building the structure of science it including paradigm (ontology), theories and methods (epistemology), and applications (axiology). In contrast, the subjective approach is the enrichment of the scientist through considering science and religion as complementary instead of contradictory.

Implementation of Cybernetic Learning Theory on Scientific Philosophy Learning

The topic is focused on cybernetic learning theory and its implementation to scientific philoshophy learning. Theoretical approach and scientific learning can be connected each other with the same purposes on learning process. Cybernetic learning theory attent to information processing substance and organize its connection to be come an information system which is creating a new idea or a new invention of science. Due to this, the main purpose of scientific philosophy learning is a critical thinking process which construct a new idea that is engaging a kognitive aspect.This research is a literature review. Literature review is a research which compare previous research then connected with a topic that be come a main review (Efron & Ravid, 2019). The research design is narrative review. Narrative review well known as traditional literature review which is a literature review with an analysis as a whole in order to construct a theory and context of a research main focus (Stratton, 2019).The implementation of cybernetic learning theory are suitable for scientific philosophy learning for the same goal in order to find out and proceed new information. Information processing theory which is include kognitive aspect has an important role of cybernetic approach. Cybernetic learning theory can be applied on every learning method which is connecting kognitive aspect in its process.

The liberation of nature and knowledge: a case study on Hans Reichenbach’s naturalism

Our main goal in this paper is to present and scrutinize Reichenbach’s own naturalism in our contemporary context, with special attention to competing versions of the concept. By exploring the idea of Reichenbach’s naturalism, we will argue that he defended a liberating, therapeutic form of naturalism, meaning that he took scientific philosophy (or philosophy of nature, Naturphilosophie) to be a possible cure for bad old habits and traditional ways of philosophy. For Reichenbach, naturalistic scientific philosophy was a well-established form of liberation. We do not intend to suggest that Reichenbach acted as an inventor of naturalism; nonetheless, invoking the term and the idea of ‘naturalism’ is more than a simple rhetorical strategy for rehabilitating Reichenbach as a forerunner of this field. We think that his ideas can make a valuable contribution to contemporary debates, and that he presents an interesting case among the other scientifically oriented proponents of his time. After presenting a short reconstruction of the meaning of naturalism—or, more appropriately, naturalisms—in order to be able to correctly situate Reichenbach within his own as well as a systematic context, we discuss Reichenbach’s naturalism against the background of his scientific philosophy, his views on the relation of common-sense knowledge to science, and his efforts at popularization. To delve deeper into this topic, we present a case study to show how Reichenbach argued that in both scientific and philosophical discussions (assuming their naturalistic continuity), it is necessary to move from the request and value of truth to probability. And, finally, we argue that the liberation of knowledge and nature was a socio-political program for Reichenbach, who talked about his own scientific philosophy as “a crusade.” By emphasizing this aspect of Reichenbach’s naturalism, we may be in a better position to situate him in the history of analytic philosophy in general, and in the yet-to-be-written narrative of the naturalistic movement in particular.

1.1. Model of tax burden management of the company: problems and prospects

В статье рассматривается введение научной философии в структурно-функциональную основу функционирования системономической модели управления и оценки налоговой нагрузки в структуре периодической системы специальных законов налогономии как встроенной модели развития налоговой системы, базирующейся на фундаментальных философских принципах. В научном исследовании рассматриваются теоретические аспекты и практические выводы взаимосвязи и взаимозависимости элементов оценки и управления налоговой нагрузкой в компании и на экономику. Рассмотрены философские принципы предлагаемой ситемономической модели управления и оценки налоговой нагрузки, определяющие расположение элементов и уровни развития в функционирующей налоговой системе на основе ретроспективного анализа эволюционирования научно-практических взглядов на управление и оценку налоговой нагрузки. Автор акцентирует внимание на трансформации налоговой системы на основе эффективного функционирования ее элементов, одними из которых являются управление и оценка налоговой нагрузки компании. The article discusses the introduction of scientific philosophy into the structural and functional basis of the functioning of the system-economic model of management and assessment of the tax burden in the structure of the periodic system of special laws of taxonomy as a built-in model for the development of the tax system, based on fundamental philosophical principles. The scientific research examines the theoretical aspects and practical conclusions of the relationship and interdependence of the elements of assessment and management of the tax burden in the company and on the economy. The philosophical principles of the proposed systemonomical model of management and assessment of the tax burden, which determine the location of elements and levels of development in the functioning tax system, are considered on the basis of a retrospective analysis of the evolution of scientific and practical views on management and assessment of the tax burden (MATB). The author focuses on the transformation of the tax system based on the effective functioning of its elements, one of which is the management and assessment of the company's tax burden.

Alexander Bogdanov at the Institute of the Scientific Philosophy: from the Decline of the Philosophy to the Scientific Monism

The author considers the activity of Alexander A. Bogdanov as a full member of the Institute of Scientific Philosophy, established in 1921. Special attention is paid to the line of radical denial of the actual meaning of philosophy, what was characteristic for Bogdanov’s works of those years. This topic was manifested in the article “From Religious Monism to Scientific One”, which was read at the Institute in February 1923 as Bogdanov’s scientific report. Presenting the devel­opment of human knowledge as a change of historical forms of monism based on the evolution of labor practice and the inherent desire to coordinate cognitive ac­tivity, Bogdanov proclaimed the advent of the era of scientific monism and pre­sented his own “universal organization science” as a means of the future real unity of collective experience. The political campaign against Bogdanov con­ducted throughout the 1920s also affected his activities at the Institute of Scien­tific Philosophy: the thinker was removed from the staff, and the possibilities of his philosophical work had been narrowing more and more every year. However, despite the pressure Bogdanov continued to work at the Institute, taking part, in particular, in the heated discussions around Spinoza and Bergson’s philoso­phies, which marked the beginning of a new round of polemics among “mecha­nists” and “dialectics”. The most important research interests of Bogdanov in the last years of his life were also philosophical problems of biology, the foundations of natural science knowledge, the methodological basis of the theory of relativ­ity. Thus, the scientific activity of A.A. Bogdanov as a full member of the Insti­tute reflected almost all the philosophical topics and problems that were signifi­cant for him at that time