scholarly journals Artificial Moral Patients: Mentality, Intentionality, and Systematicity

2021 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Howard Nye ◽  
Tugba Yolbas
Keyword(s):  
Well Being ◽  
Limited Resources ◽  
Moral Reasons ◽  
Mental Patients ◽  
Moral Patiency ◽  
Personal Assistants ◽  
Intentional Systems

In this paper, we defend three claims about what it will take for an AI system to be a basic moral patient to whom we can owe duties of non-maleficence not to harm her and duties of beneficence to benefit her: (1) Moral patients are mental patients; (2) Mental patients are true intentional systems; and (3) True intentional systems are systematically flexible. We suggest that we should be particularly alert to the possibility of such systematically flexible true intentional systems developing in the areas of exploratory robots and artificial personal assistants. Finally, we argue that in light of our failure to respect the well-being of existing biological moral patients and worries about our limited resources, there are compelling moral reasons to treat artificial moral patiency as something to be avoided at least for now.

Biases in Favour of the Negative

2021 ◽  
pp. 107-124
Author(s):  
Ingmar Persson
Keyword(s):  
Well Being ◽  
Moral Reasons ◽  
Positive Feelings ◽  
Negative Feelings

Contrary to Schopenhauer’s claim that positive feelings consist simply in the cessation of negative feelings, it is contended that positive feelings are feelings just like negative feelings. But there is a bias or asymmetry in favour of the negative to the effect that negative feelings can in general have a greater intensity: pain can be more intense than pleasure, depression than elation, etc. This is because negative feelings often signal losses that are irreversible, and that by themselves guarantee reductions of well-being, whereas this is not true of the improvements signalled by positive feelings. Due to this asymmetry, compassion can be stronger than sympathetic joy and, as these emotions provide moral reasons, this explains why, intuitively, it seems morally more urgent to prevent what is bad than to produce what is good as, e.g. negative utilitarianism maintains.

Prudential and Moral Reasons

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger Crisp
Keyword(s):  
Recent Work ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Moral Reasons ◽  
Extreme Form

This chapter concerns the relation between prudential (“self-regarding” or “self-interested”) reasons and moral reasons. It begins with definitions of these types of reasons, arguing that moral reasons be understood as those described in ineliminably moral terminology, before moving on to central current views on reasons, well-being, and what makes actions right or wrong. Forms of egoism are distinguished and some objections to normative egoism answered. Views egoists might take on morality are then discussed, including that of Thrasymachus in Plato’s Republic. The following section covers impartial views, including the extreme form found in utilitarianism. The chapter then outlines the range of “dualistic” positions available, in which reasons are grounded both in the good of the agent and in morality. It concludes with discussion of some recent work on the relation of prudential and moral reasons.

The Justification of Associative Duties

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seth Lazar
Keyword(s):  
Ethical Theory ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Moral Reasons ◽  
Special Relationships ◽  
Moral Structure ◽  
Associative Duties

People often think that their special relationships with family, friends, comrades and compatriots, can ground moral reasons. Among these reasons, they understand some to be duties – pro tanto requirements that have genuine weight when they conflict with other considerations. In this paper I ask: what is the underlying moral structure of associative duties? I first consider and reject the orthodox Teleological Welfarist account, which first observes that special relationships are fundamental for human well-being, then claims that we cannot have these relationships, if we do not recognise associative duties, before concluding that we should therefore recognise associative duties. I then introduce a nonteleological alternative, grounded in the Appropriate Response approach to ethical theory.

The subjective well-being of mental patients in nursing homes

1985 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 239-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
William R. Shadish ◽  
Robert G. Orwin ◽  
Bohne G. Silber ◽  
Richard R. Bootzin
Keyword(s):  
Nursing Homes ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Subjective Well Being ◽  
Mental Patients

scholarly journals A Review on the New Normal, Employee Wellbeing and the Role of HRM: A Tale of HR among the New Normal for the Employee Wellbeing

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (8) ◽  
pp. 115
Author(s):  
Kiconco Yvonne ◽  
ShiMei Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Sudden Change ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Limited Resources ◽  
New Normal ◽  
Health And Wellbeing ◽  
Work From Home ◽  
Employee Wellbeing ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Work Done

The sudden change in scenarios due to the COVID-19 pandemic has not only affected people’s financial situations but also their health and wellbeing. Psychological, physical discomfort along with on and off work schedules have led to stress for both the employer and employee. Gearing pressure of competition to survive in the dying economy has led to a path for the ‘New Normal’ where the current situation has been accepted as Normal with new adaptations. Employees, risking their lives and leaving the so-called comfort of their homes have had to step out to join the office while others have turned their homes into offices so as to work from home. They are at high risk of infection and stressed with the changed working scenario. The most challenging phase for the employers is the well-being of their employees for the continuous and timely work progress. The Role of HR has become the most crucial factor during this pandemic. Dealing with the employees and getting the work done with the limited resources in the crisis is the most challenging task. The present paper studies the three terms- 'New Normal', 'Employee Wellbeing' and 'Role of HR' within linked perspective and provides insight based on the various researches done in this field. It has been found that employee well-being is a well-talked topic and it has been a great concern for all the HR executives for a long time. Well- being of the employee ensures mutual gain for the employee and the organization both.

The Challenges of Idealized Mothering

Affilia ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert H. Keefe ◽  
Carol Brownstein-Evans ◽  
Rebecca S. Rouland Polmanteer
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Limited Resources ◽  
New Mothers ◽  
Marginalized Groups ◽  
Good Mother ◽  
White Mothers ◽  
Feminist Perspectives ◽  
Mothers Of Color ◽  
Low Income Mothers

Being a good mother is the highest calling for many women. However, the demands of being a “good mother” can be stressful, especially during pregnancy and the first 2 years postpartum. For many low-income mothers from marginalized groups facing multiple responsibilities with limited resources, the stress of new mothering can lead to postpartum depression (PPD). Although PPD affects roughly 12% of all white mothers, at least 3 times as many mothers of color (38%) have been found to experience PPD. In this study, 30 low-income mothers of color with histories of PPD were interviewed about how they viewed being a good mother while living with PPD. Their views of “good mother” emerged during the interviews, which uncovered four major themes: being strong mothers, juggling responsibilities, being self-sustaining, and taking care of self. Using these themes and drawing on research on mothering informed by feminist perspectives, this article examines how the mothers strive to be good mothers while coping with PPD. Social workers working with new mothers of color who have PPD can benefit from understanding these mothers’ experiences with PPD while striving to achieve well-being for themselves and for their children.

scholarly journals Family Caregivers’ Experiences and Changes in Caregiving Tasks During the COVID-19 Pandemic

2021 ◽  
pp. 105477382110142
Author(s):  
Elliane Irani ◽  
Atsadaporn Niyomyart ◽  
Ronald L. Hickman
Keyword(s):  
Family Caregivers ◽  
Emotional Support ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Healthcare Providers ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Descriptive Statistics ◽  
Limited Resources ◽  
Physical And Mental Health ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Conventional Content Analysis

The purpose of this descriptive study was to describe family caregivers’ experiences and changes in caregiving tasks and approaches during the COVID-19 pandemic. Using web-based strategies, 69 family caregivers of adults with chronic or disabling conditions were recruited and completed an online survey about positive and negative caregiving experiences, and ways in which caregiving has changed. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (structured questions) and conventional content analysis (open-ended responses). Participants reported concerns about their loved one’s physical and mental health, the limited access to other caregiving sources, and the limited opportunities to maintain personal well-being. Caregiving tasks completed more than usual included providing emotional support, shopping for groceries and essentials, and contacting healthcare providers. Participants modified their caregiving approach by assuming added responsibilities, leveraging technology, and managing a new caregiving routine. Findings indicate that family caregivers experienced additional caregiving challenges and changed caregiving tasks considering the limited resources available.

scholarly journals THE USE OF VECTOR-BASED GIS BOOLEAN ANALYSIS TECHNIQUE TO DETERMINE THE BEST LOCATION FOR A MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE LANDFILL SITE IN MAFRAQ GOVERNORATE/ JORDAN

2019 ◽  
pp. 145-162
Author(s):  
Abdel Rahman Rakad Al- Shabeeb
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Birth Rate ◽  
City Planning ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Landfill Site ◽  
Limited Resources ◽  
Syrian Refugees ◽  
International Borders ◽  
Analysis Technique

The choice of location for a landfill site has a significant effect on the economy, ecology and overall environmental well-being, and is therefore a vital decision in the process of city planning. In Mafraq, the huge increases in population, as a result both of the arrival of significant numbers of Syrian refugees, as well as an increasing birth rate, has increased the pressure on the limited resources available, as well as emphasising the necessity of building a proper system of waste management, as well as a well-located landfill site. In relation to the latter, the aim is to position it so as to minimise any negative impact on either the environment or on public health. In terms of GIS, vector analysis tools and multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) were applied to ascertain the best location for a landfill site. The aspects that were assessed in this research included slopes, roads, airport, wells, soil, faults, international borders, Wadis, and urban areas. The weighting given to each item was determined using the Boolean technique in terms of its importance to the location of a landfill site. The conclusions indicated that 18 sites in the area researched were potentially suitable for landfill sites, but that the Jordanian government had to undertake further work using the results of the GIS research to determine where the site should be located.

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