scholarly journals De Baal a Yhwh. Ensaio sobre a Religião de Israel

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 (249) ◽  
pp. 47
Author(s):  
Luiz Da Rosa

O artigo tem como objetivo elucidar as características da prática religiosa do povo de Israel até o exílio, enfocando sobretudo a relação religiosa com Yhwh. A conclusão é que no início da história do povo de Israel a sua fé não era monoteísta e o Deus de Moisés era um entre outros deuses. O primeiro monoteísmo aparece na pregação profética e nas reformas de Ezequias. Josias, porém, foi quem deu o passo fundamental, implantando, todavia, um sistema religioso que era apenas oficial, mas não necessariamente abraçado por todos. A partir do Exílio em Babilônia, Israel acolhe definitivamente o monoteísmo e nasce o judaísmo. Essas conclusões são alcançadas com base na análise de passagens bíblicas, de resultados obtidos pela arqueologia e de textos que formam o conjunto literário do antigo Oriente Próximo.Abstract: The objective of this article is to clarify the characteristics of the Israeli people’s religious practice up to the Exile, focusing in particular on the religious relation with Yhwh. Our conclusion is that, in the early stages of the Israeli people’s history, their faith was not monotheist and Moses’ God was but one among other gods. The first signs of monotheism appear in Ezekiel’s prophetic preaching and in his reforms. Josiah, however, gave the essential step for the implantation of a religious system that, albeit official, was not necessarily embraced by all. After the Exile in Babylon, Israel finally accepted monotheism and thus Judaism was born. We reached these conclusions through an analysis of biblical passages, of archeological findings and of the texts that make up the literary body of the ancient Near East.

2020 ◽  
pp. 17-46
Author(s):  
Михаил Анатольевич Скобелев

В статье рассматриваются богословие, композиция и литературная форма сюжетов, входящих в состав Пролога книги Бытия (1, 1-11, 26). Во второй половине XIX - начале XX вв. в результате появления Документальной гипотезы и сопоставления Священного Писания с литературными памятниками Древнего Ближнего Востока большая часть сюжетов, составляющих Пролог, была объявлена мифами и древнееврейским фольклором (Ю. Велльгаузен, Г. Гунекель, Дж. Фрезер). Кроме выявленных ближневосточных параллелей, новому отношению к повествованиям Пролога книги Бытия способствовали: отсутствие в нём ясно выраженной исторической задачи и символичность изложения. Защищая традиционный взгляд на Пролог как на священную историю и пророческое откровение, епископ Кассиан (Безобразов) предложил рассматривать все библейские сюжеты, содержащие теофанию, как метаисторию. Протоиерей Сергий Булгаков, А. Ф. Лосев, Б. П. Вышеславцев, занимавшиеся феноменом мифотворчества, назвали библейское повествование о начале мироздания мифом, но в ином смысле, чем это делали Г. Гункель и Дж. Фрезер. Они обосновали новый положительный взгляд, согласно которому миф не есть выдумка или фантазия, а реальность, основанная на мистическом опыте. В статье анализируется каждый из перечисленных терминов: «история», «миф», «метаистория» применительно к Прологу, а также рассматривается возможность их согласования с традиционным церковным взглядом на эту часть книги Бытия. The article deals with the theology, composition and literary form of the narrations which constitute the prologue part of the book of Genesis (1, 1-11, 26). During the second half of the 19th and at the turn of the 20th cent., following the emergence of the Documentary hypothesis as well as the comparison of the Holy Scripture with the newly-discovered literary monuments of Ancient Near East, the greater part of the narrations that constitute the Prologue were labeled myths and ancient Hebrew folklore (J. Wellhausen, H. Gunkel, J. Frazer). In addition to the then detected Near Eastern parallels, this new attitude towards the narrations of the Prologue was fostered by its lack of a clearly expressed historical dedication and the symbolic form of their exposition. Defending the traditional view of the Prologue as sacred history and prophetic revelation, bishop Kassian (Bezobrazov) proposed to consider all the biblical narrations that contain theophanies as metahistorical. Archpriest Sergey Bulgakov, A. F. Losev and B. P. Vysheslavtsev, who analyzed the phenomenon of myth-making, called the Biblical narration of the origins of the world a myth, but in a sense different from that proposed by Gunkel and Frazer. They have founded a new and positive conception according to which a myth is not fiction but rather a kind of reality based upon mystical experience. The author of the article analyzes each of the terms enumerated - «history», «myth», «metahistory» - in their use relating them to the Prologue; he also examines the possibility of their harmonizing with the traditional ecclesiastical view of this part of the book of Genesis.


Author(s):  
Serinity Young

The winged Egyptian goddess Isis is an ancient and complex deity, whose mythology presents her as bestower of fertility and immortality. This chapter follows up on these themes, and the linked relationship between fertility and immortality, by exploring the involvement of women with funeral rites, and concepts of the afterlife in the Ancient Near East and Ancient Greece involving goddesses, who combine sexuality and fertility, war and death, and the promise and hope of immortality. There is a further exploration of ancient bird goddesses demonized via the concept of the monstrous-feminine: furies, harpies, and sirens—all of whom pose a particular danger to men, not women.


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