The Political Economy of Agricultural Research in
      Pakistan

This study is premised on the propo1ition that economic research on agriculture in Pakistan has concentrated on narrow and technocratic aspects without reference to the structure of production relations among various and contending classes of farmers. The paper identifies three major and so far largely unexplored areas of agricultural research, viz. set of relationships among farm groups and their impact on agricultural production and income distribution, measurement and interpretation of participation by these groups in production activities in the private and public sectors, and the land tax system and its effect on issues of growth and equity.

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Political economy of inequality in Chile: historical institutions, taxation, and elite power

Handbook of BRICS and Emerging Economies ◽

10.1093/oso/9780198827535.003.0028 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 746-785

Author(s):

Javier González

Keyword(s):

Political Economy ◽

Economic Development ◽

Income Distribution ◽

Historical Perspective ◽

Class Struggle ◽

Oecd Countries ◽

The Political ◽

Tax System ◽

Key Characteristics ◽

Level Of Economic Development

The chapter analyses the political economy of inequality in Chile from a historical perspective, highlighting the need to use a holistic institutional approach in order to unravel persistent structural inequalities. It examines the power of elites to shape formal rules to their advantage, studying the income distribution of the top 1 per cent and the key characteristics of the Chilean tax system. This institution is analysed for its centrality to the distributive class struggle of a society. The analysis shows that Chile’s income concentration at the top 1 per cent is extremely high, even when compared to OECD countries when the latter had the same level of economic development as Chile today. Therefore, the levels of inequality in Chile cannot be fully explained by market forces, as the neoclassical approach suggests, nor by Chile’s level of economic development; instead, data suggest the existence of an ‘institutional lag’ (exemplified by the current tax system), sustained by asymmetries of power.

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CHINAMPAAGRICULTURE, SURPLUS PRODUCTION, AND POLITICAL CHANGE AT XALTOCAN, MEXICO

Ancient Mesoamerica ◽

10.1017/s0956536116000109 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 27 (1) ◽

pp. 183-196 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Christopher T. Morehart

Keyword(s):

Remote Sensing ◽

Political Economy ◽

Agricultural Production ◽

Total Population ◽

Body Politic ◽

The Body ◽

The Political ◽

Potential Productivity ◽

Surplus Production ◽

Full Production

AbstractThis article examines the productivity of agriculture at the Postclassic polity of Xaltocan, Mexico. Employing multiple lines of data (remote sensing, artifactual, ecofactual, chronological, demographic, historic, ethnographic, and environmental), it reconstructs the potential productivity of an integrated raised field,chinampasystem that surrounded the polity. This exercise reveals that the system was capable of producing a sizeable caloric surplus above the needs of the kingdom's estimated total population and the number of laborers necessary to maintain full production. To situate the processes related to agricultural production, the paper considers how farmers’ strategies were articulated with multiple institutions. Increased integration between political, social, and household institutions possibly fostered residents’ incorporation into the body politic and provided mechanisms to finance the political economy. Such integration and dependency fractured, however, when Xaltocan was conquered.

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