scholarly journals Vertebral Heart Score in Rhesus Macaques (Macaca mulatta): Generating Normal Reference Intervals and Assessing its Validity for Identifying Cardiac Disease

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amber R Williams ◽  
Yu Ueda ◽  
Joshua A Stern ◽  
Kari L Christe
Keyword(s):  
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy ◽  
Macaca Mulatta ◽  
Cardiac Disease ◽  
Rhesus Macaques ◽  
Reference Intervals ◽  
Thoracic Radiography ◽  
Heart Score ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Echocardiographic Examination ◽  
Semiquantitative Method

Vertebral heart scoring (VHS) is a semiquantitative method to assess the presence and severity of cardiomegaly by usingthoracic radiographs. VHS in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) has not been validated or used routinely in the clinical orresearch setting. We hypothesized that rhesus macaques with cardiac disease diagnosed by using echocardiography wouldhave higher VHS than animals without cardiac disease. A total of 150 rhesus macaques were enrolled in this study. All animalsunderwent echocardiography and thoracic radiography (right lateral [RL], dorsoventral [DV], and ventrodorsal [VD] views).According to echocardiography, 121 rhesus macaques had no cardiac disease and were used to establish reference intervalsfor VHS. The remaining 29 macaques had hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (n = 20) or other cardiac disease (n = 9). Resultsshowed that VHS of RL and VD views were significantly higher in macaques with any of the identified cardiac diseases andin the cardiac disease group that excluded hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. VHS of animals with HCM was not significantlydifferent than that of control animals. In the RL view, VHS was moderately accurate for predicting the presence of cardiacdisease, with an AUC of 0.71 and an optimal cut-off value of 10.25 (sensitivity: 62%, specificity: 77%). In the VD view, VHSwas a mildly accurate test for cardiac disease, with an AUC of 0.654 and an optimal cut-off value of 10.65 (sensitivity, 66%;specificity, 63%). Study results indicated that VHS could be a useful screening tool for clinically identifying rhesus macaqueswith cardiac disease. However, VHS is unlikely to replace echocardiographic examination for determining the presence, type,and severity of cardiac disease in this species.

scholarly journals Echocardiographic reference intervals with allometric scaling of 823 clinically healthy rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta)

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Ueda ◽  
Laetitia M. M. Duler ◽  
Kami J. Elliot ◽  
Paul-Michael D. Sosa ◽  
Jeffrey A. Roberts ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Allometric Scaling ◽  
Rhesus Macaques ◽  
Reference Intervals ◽  
Functional Evaluation ◽  
Echocardiographic Examination ◽  
Echocardiographic Parameters ◽  
And Function ◽  
Age And Sex

Abstract Background Echocardiography is commonly used for assessing cardiac structure and function in various species including non-human primates. A few previous studies reported normal echocardiographic reference intervals of clinically healthy rhesus macaques under sedation. However, these studies were under-powered, and the techniques were not standardized. In addition, body weight, age, and sex matched reference intervals should be established as echocardiographic measurements are commonly influenced by these variables. The purpose of this study was to establish reference intervals for complete echocardiographic parameters based on a large cohort of clinically healthy rhesus macaques with wide ranges of weight and age distributions using allometric scaling. Results A total of 823 rhesus macaques (ages 6 months to 31 years old; body weights 1.4 to 22.6 kg) were enrolled. Of these rhesus macaques, 421 were males and 402 were females. They were assessed with a complete echocardiographic examination including structural and functional evaluation under sedation with ketamine hydrochloride. The reference intervals of the key echocardiographic parameters were indexed to weight, age, and sex by calculating the coefficients of the allometric eq. Y = aMb. On correlation matrix, body weight, age, sex, and heart rate were significantly correlated with various echocardiographic parameters and some of the parameters were strongly correlated with body weight and age. Multiple regression analysis revealed that heart rate and body weight statistically significantly predicted several echocardiographic parameters. Valve regurgitation including tricuspid, aortic, pulmonic, and mitral regurgitations without other cardiac structural and functional abnormalities are common in clinically healthy rhesus macaques under ketamine sedation. Conclusions In this study, the reference intervals of echocardiographic parameters were established by performing complete echocardiographic examinations on a large number of clinical healthy rhesus macaques. In addition, allometric scaling was performed based on their weight, and further indexed to age and sex. These allometrically scaled reference intervals can be used to accurately evaluate echocardiographic data in rhesus macaques and diagnose structural and functional evidence of cardiac disease.

scholarly journals Blood Pressure Reference Intervals for Ketamine-sedated Rhesus Macaques (Macaca mulatta)

2020 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-29
Author(s):  
Rachel D Brownlee ◽  
Philip H Kass ◽  
Rebecca L Sammak
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Macaca Mulatta ◽  
Rhesus Macaques ◽  
Blood Pressure Measurement ◽  
Reference Intervals ◽  
Pressure Measurements ◽  
Noninvasive Blood Pressure ◽  
Noninvasive Methods ◽  
Anesthetic Drugs

Appropriate calculation and use of reference intervals have widespread clinical and research implications. Unfortunately, reference intervals for blood pressure in one of the most commonly used NHP species, rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta), have never been calculated. Although anesthetic drugs and noninvasive methods of blood pressure measurement both have known effects on blood pressure values, their use provides the safest, fastest, and most widely used approach to clinical evaluation and blood pressure collection in this species. We analyzed noninvasive blood pressure measurements from 103 healthy, ketamine-sedated, adult (age, 8 to 16 y) rhesus macaques, representing both sexes, with various body condition scores by using 2 types of sphygmomanometers at 3 different anatomic locations. Reference intervals were calculated for each device, in each location, thus establishing normative data beneficial to clinical veterinarians assessing animal health and encouraging researchers to use noninvasive methods. Age, body condition score, sex, type of sphygmomanometer, and location of cuff placement were all found to influence blood pressure measurements significantly, providing important information necessary for the appropriate interpretation of noninvasive blood pressure values in rhesus macaques.

scholarly journals Large-scale pedigree analysis leads to evidence for founder effects of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta )

2014 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 288-291 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sree Kanthaswamy ◽  
Rachel Reader ◽  
Ross Tarara ◽  
Karen Oslund ◽  
Mark Allen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy ◽  
Macaca Mulatta ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Rhesus Macaques ◽  
Pedigree Analysis ◽  
Founder Effects

Genetic polymorphism of dopamine receptor D4 (DRD4) gene in ten Indian rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta mulatta)

Meta Gene ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 100891
Author(s):  
Sanjoy Kumar Chatterjee ◽  
Suniti Yadav ◽  
Kallur Nava Saraswathy ◽  
Prakash Ranjan Mondal
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Polymorphism ◽  
Dopamine Receptor ◽  
Macaca Mulatta ◽  
Rhesus Macaques ◽  
Drd4 Gene ◽  
Dopamine Receptor D4

scholarly journals The safety and efficacy of BCG encapsulated alginate particle (BEAP) against M.tb H37Rv infection in Macaca mulatta : A pilot study

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashwani Kesarwani ◽  
Parul Sahu ◽  
Kshama Jain ◽  
Prakriti Sinha ◽  
K. Varsha Mohan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Macaca Mulatta ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Protective Efficacy ◽  
Rhesus Macaques ◽  
Allergic Response ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Activated T Cells ◽  
Primate Model ◽  
Safety And Efficacy

AbstractDue to the limited utility of Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG), the only approved vaccine available for tuberculosis, there is a need to develop a more effective and safe vaccine. We evaluated the safety and efficacy of a dry powder aerosol (DPA) formulation of BCG encapsulated alginate particle (BEAP) and the conventional intradermal BCG immunization in infant rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). The infant macaques were immunized intratracheally with DPA of BEAP into the lungs. Animals were monitored for their growth, behaviour, any adverse and allergic response. The protective efficacy of BEAP was estimated by the ex-vivo H37Rv infection method. Post-immunization with BEAP, granulocytes count, weight gain, chest radiography, levels of liver secreted enzymes, cytokines associated with inflammation like TNF and IL-6 established that BEAP is non-toxic and it does not elicit an allergic response. The T cells isolated from BEAP immunized animals’ blood, upon stimulation with M.tb antigen, secreted high levels of IFN-γ, TNF, IL-6 and IL-2. The activated T cells from BEAP group, when co-cultured with M.tb infected macrophages, eliminated largest number of infected macrophages compared to the BCG and control group. This study suggests the safety and efficacy of BEAP in Non-human primate model.

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