scholarly journals New Zealand flower thrips and their impact on nectarine fruit diseases

2003 ◽  
Vol 56 ◽  
pp. 157-163
Author(s):  
G.F. McLaren ◽  
J.A. Fraser ◽  
P.A. Alspach
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Pseudomonas Syringae ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Bacterial Disease ◽  
Disease Symptoms ◽  
Bacterial Diseases ◽  
Flower Thrips ◽  
Beginning Of Flowering ◽  
Thrips Obscuratus ◽  
The Impact

Insecticides fungicides and a bactericide were applied in spring 2001 and 2002 to nectarine trees to determine the impact of thrips (mainly New Zealand flower thrips Thrips obscuratus) on summerfruit pathogens Thrips numbers were assessed over 7 weeks from the beginning of flowering The insecticide programme increased the proportion of fruit meeting export standards for thrips damage but did not influence the level of either brown rot caused by Monilinia fructicola or the bacterial diseases bacterial blast (Pseudomonas syringae) and bacterial spot (Xanthomonas arboricola pv pruni) The fungicide programme reduced the level of brown rot Cumulative thrips counts were positively correlated with levels of brown rot infection on the fruit at harvest time in 2001/02 (P002) and 2002/03 (P009) and bacterial disease symptoms in 2001/ 02 (P003) It was concluded that New Zealand flower thrips could increase levels of disease in nectarines but the value of treating with insecticides was not clear

scholarly journals Phenology of New Zealand flower thrips (Thrips obscuratus) in vineyards

2004 ◽  
Vol 57 ◽  
pp. 338-338
Author(s):  
K. Schmidt ◽  
D.A.J. Teulon ◽  
M-C. Nielsen ◽  
S.D. Wratten ◽  
M.V. Jaspers
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Flower Thrips ◽  
Thrips Obscuratus

Attraction of New Zealand Flower Thrips, Thrips obscuratus, to cis-Jasmone, a Volatile Identified from Japanese Honeysuckle Flowers

2009 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 656-663 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. El-Sayed ◽  
V. J. Mitchell ◽  
G. F. McLaren ◽  
L. M. Manning ◽  
B. Bunn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Flower Thrips ◽  
Japanese Honeysuckle ◽  
Thrips Obscuratus

scholarly journals Postharvest management of New Zealand flower thrips on export apricots using ethyl formate

2014 ◽  
Vol 67 ◽  
pp. 103-108
Author(s):  
S.P. Redpath ◽  
A. Wilson ◽  
L.E. Jamieson ◽  
N.E.M. Page-Weir ◽  
M.J. Griffin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Larval Mortality ◽  
Ethyl Formate ◽  
Export Markets ◽  
Flower Thrips ◽  
Shipping Containers ◽  
Postharvest Management ◽  
Thrips Obscuratus

New Zealand flower thrips (NZFT Thrips obscuratus) is the most abundant pest on New Zealand apricots at harvest and is a quarantine pest for apricot export markets Ethyl formate (EF) is a Generally Recognised As Safe (GRAS) compound being investigated treatments against NZFT and their impact on apricot fruit quality in shipping containers NZFT adults and larvae on apricots were treated in field bins of apricots in a 282 m3 in Hawkes Bay and Central Otago respectively In Hawkes Bay the treatments resulted in 100 mortality of NZFT adults and larvae In Central Otago the treatments resulted in 100 mortality of NZFT adults and 98100 larval mortality Export grade apricot cultivars expressed no adverse effects on quality to this concentration of EFCO2

scholarly journals Alternative strategies to control New Zealand flower thrips on nectarines

2001 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 10-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.F. McLaren ◽  
J.A. Fraser
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Harvest Time ◽  
Alternative Strategies ◽  
Flower Thrips ◽  
Organic Systems ◽  
Thrips Obscuratus ◽  
Integrated Fruit Production

Experiments conducted in both spring and preharvest (summer) aimed to prevent damage to nectarines caused by New Zealand flower thrips Thrips obscuratus and to minimise quarantine problems caused by thrips on export fruit Reflective mulch and three insecticide programmes were compared with the standard taufluvalinate/chlorpyrifos programme in spring Abamectin spinosad and Pyrethrum Plus reduced spring damage but none was more effective than the existing standard At harvest time carbaryl and spinosad plus Nufilm17 reduced thrips numbers 3 days after treatment but carbaryl was the only effective insecticide after 5 days Reflective mulch reduced thrips numbers in spring and preharvest providing a nonchemical alternative for thrips control However supplementary control measures would be needed for this treatment to meet quarantine standards at harvest time Alternative spring and preharvest programmes for both Integrated Fruit Production and organic systems are suggested for nectarines but registration is necessary before some insecticides can be used on summerfruit

scholarly journals Development of thresholds for insecticidal control of New Zealand flower thrips on nectarines in spring

2000 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 194-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.F. McLaren ◽  
J.A. Fraser
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Sensitive Period ◽  
Severe Damage ◽  
Flower Thrips ◽  
Adult Feeding ◽  
Production Programme ◽  
Thrips Obscuratus ◽  
Integrated Fruit Production

Numbers of adult and larval New Zealand flower thrips Thrips obscuratus were recorded daily on nectarines from flowering (early September) to shuck fall (early November) over 5 years Adults were more common than larvae and occurred throughout this period increasing to their highest numbers in late October Larvae occurred for three weeks from petal fall Adults were released weekly onto bagged nectarine flowers or fruitlets from flowering to shuck fall Damage to the fruit was assessed in November Adults caused the most severe damage when released during flowering; slightly less damage was caused after petal fall and minor damage occurred in the weeks before shuck fall Adult feeding did not affect fruit set Three thresholds based on adult numbers are proposed for determining the need for insecticidal control in an Integrated Fruit Production programme for nectarines These thresholds reflect the decreasing risk of damage through the sensitive period

scholarly journals Development and Validation of an Infection Risk Model for Bacterial Canker of Kiwifruit, Using a Multiplication and Dispersal Concept for Forecasting Bacterial Diseases

2017 ◽  
Vol 107 (2) ◽  
pp. 184-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Beresford ◽  
J. L. Tyson ◽  
W. R. Henshall
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Syringae ◽  
Risk Model ◽  
Risk Index ◽  
Infection Risk ◽  
Bacterial Disease ◽  
Disease Prediction ◽  
Risk Indicator ◽  
Bacterial Canker ◽  
Temperature Function ◽  
Bacterial Diseases

A weather-based disease prediction model for bacterial canker of kiwifruit (known worldwide as Psa; Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae biovar 3) was developed using a new mechanistic scheme for bacterial disease forecasters, the multiplication and dispersal concept. Bacterial multiplication is estimated from a temperature function, the M index, accumulated from hourly air temperature over 3 days for hours when the leaf canopy is wet. Rainfall provides free water to move inoculum to infection sites, and the daily risk indicator, the R index, is the 3-day accumulation of the M index output on days with total rainfall >1 mm; otherwise, R is zero. The model was field-tested using potted kiwifruit trap plants exposed for discrete periods in infected kiwifruit orchards to identify when leaf infection occurred. In a 9-week study during spring, the R index predicted leaf-spot intensity with high accuracy (R2 = 93%) and, in an 82-week seasonal accuracy study, prediction of infection incidence was most accurate from spring to late summer and lower during other times. To implement the risk model for the New Zealand kiwifruit industry, a modified risk index, R’, used relative humidity (RH) >81% instead of wetness, so that 2- and 6-day weather forecasts of RH could be used. Risk index values were affected by the shape of the temperature function and an alternative ‘low temperature’ function for the M index was identified that could be used in climates in which high temperatures are known to limit Psa development during some parts of the year. This study has shown how infection risk for bacterial diseases can be conceptualized as separate processes for temperature-dependent bacterial multiplication and rain-dependent dispersal and infection. This concept has potentially wide application for bacterial disease prediction in the same way that the infection monocycle concept has had for fungal disease prediction.

scholarly journals Community-acquired Invasive Bacterial Disease in Urban Gambia, 2005–2015: A Hospital-based Surveillance

2019 ◽  
Vol 69 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. S105-S113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saffiatou Darboe ◽  
Uduak Okomo ◽  
Abdul-Khalie Muhammad ◽  
Buntung Ceesay ◽  
Mamadou Jallow ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Invasive Disease ◽  
Surveillance Data ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Bacterial Disease ◽  
Bacterial Diseases ◽  
Disease Patterns ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Clinically Significant ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background. Invasive bacterial diseases cause significant disease and death in sub-Saharan Africa. Several are vaccine preventable, although the impact of new vaccines and vaccine policies on disease patterns in these communities is poorly understood owing to limited surveillance data. Methods. We conducted a hospital-based surveillance of invasive bacterial diseases in The Gambia where blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples of hospitalized participants were processed. Three surveillance periods were defined in relation to the introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs), before (2005- 2009), during (2010–2011) and after (2012–2015) PCV introduction. We determined the prevalences of commonly isolated bacteria and compared them between the different surveillance periods. Results. A total of 14 715 blood and 1103 CSF samples were collected over 11 years; overall, 1045 clinically significant organisms were isolated from 957 patients (972 organisms [6.6%] from blood and 73 [6.6%] from CSF). The most common blood culture isolates were Streptococcus pneumoniae (24.9%), Staphylococcus aureus (22.0%), Escherichia coli (10.9%), and nontyphoidal Salmonella (10.0%). Between the pre-PCV and post-PCV eras, the prevalence of S. pneumoniae bacteremia dropped across all age groups (from 32.4% to 16.5%; odds ratio, 0.41; 95% confidence interval, .29–.58) while S. aureus increased in prevalence, becoming the most prevalent bacteria (from 16.9% to 27.2%; 1.75; 1.26–2.44). Overall, S. pneumoniae (53.4%), Neisseria meningitidis (13.7%), and Haemophilus influenzae (12.3%) were the predominant isolates from CSF. Antimicrobial resistance to common antibiotics was low. Conclusions. Our findings demonstrate that surveillance data on the predominant pathogens associated with invasive disease is necessary to inform vaccine priorities and appropriate management of patients.

scholarly journals Phylogenetic Relationships Among Global Populations of Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae

2012 ◽  
Vol 102 (11) ◽  
pp. 1034-1044 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Chapman ◽  
R. K. Taylor ◽  
B. S. Weir ◽  
M. K. Romberg ◽  
J. L. Vanneste ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Pseudomonas Syringae ◽  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Global Distribution ◽  
Disease Symptoms ◽  
Effector Genes ◽  
Evolutionary Trajectories ◽  
Actinidia Spp

Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae, the causal agent of canker in kiwifruit (Actinidia spp.) vines, was first detected in Japan in 1984, followed by detections in Korea and Italy in the early 1990s. Isolates causing more severe disease symptoms have recently been detected in several countries with a wide global distribution, including Italy, New Zealand, and China. In order to characterize P. syringae pv. actinidiae populations globally, a representative set of 40 isolates from New Zealand, Italy, Japan, South Korea, Australia, and Chile were selected for extensive genetic analysis. Multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) of housekeeping, type III effector and phytotoxin genes was used to elucidate the phylogenetic relationships between P. syringae pv. actinidiae isolates worldwide. Four additional isolates, including one from China, for which shotgun sequence of the whole genome was available, were included in phylogenetic analyses. It is shown that at least four P. syringae pv. actinidiae MLSA groups are present globally, and that marker sets with differing evolutionary trajectories (conserved housekeeping and rapidly evolving effector genes) readily differentiate all four groups. The MLSA group designated here as Psa3 is the strain causing secondary symptoms such as formation of cankers, production of exudates, and cane and shoot dieback on some kiwifruit orchards in Italy and New Zealand. It is shown that isolates from Chile also belong to this MLSA group. MLSA group Psa4, detected in isolates collected in New Zealand and Australia, has not been previously described. P. syringae pv. actinidiae has an extensive global distribution yet the isolates causing widespread losses to the kiwifruit industry can all be traced to a single MLSA group, Psa3.

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