Climate Change and Cocoa Production in Côte d’Ivoire: Should we Worry?

The mountainous relief of the West of Côte d'Ivoire and the large savannahs next to forests didn’t make this zone very excellent for cocoa production. However, for the last decade, an important influx of farming population has been observed in this area. The objective of this study is to analyze the dynamics of the settlement of migrant farmers in the West region of Côte d’Ivoire, using the department of Biankouma as a case of study. So, individual surveys were conducted among 203 cocoa farmers from 15 villages in the department of Biankouma, who had migrated to this region, It was found that the majority of these farmers are natives of Côte d'Ivoire (38.3%) and non-natives (33.5%) from countries in the West Africa region. The migratory flow to this region is mainly internal, with 95.6% of farmers coming from 11 Districts and 55 localities in the country. While initially (i.e., before 1985), farmers came from towns near Duékoué (11.8%), these waves of movement from towns in neighboring districts (Bas-Sassandra and Sassandra-Marahoué) to the Western Region will experience their highest rates between 2002 and 2013. Observations drawn from our research findings support the hypothesis that the political-military crisis that the country has experienced has accentuated migratory flows of farmers for cocoa production in western Côte d'Ivoire and these migratory flows could be the cause of the degradation of forest cover in the Biankouma Department.

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An empirical analysis of the determinants of cocoa production in Cote d’Ivoire

Journal of Economic Structures ◽

10.1186/s40008-019-0135-5 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Salifou K. Coulibaly ◽

Cao Erbao

Keyword(s):

Empirical Analysis ◽

Cote D'ivoire ◽

Côte D’Ivoire ◽

Cote D’Ivoire ◽

Côte D'ivoire ◽

Cocoa Production

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Bionomics and Importance of an Emerging Pest Pseudotheraptus devastans (Distant) (Heteroptera: Coreidae) in the Cocoa Orchards of Côte d'Ivoire

Journal of Experimental Agriculture International ◽

10.9734/jeai/2021/v43i530695 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 114-121

Author(s):

Norbert N’Dri Kouamé ◽

François Kouamé N’Guessan ◽

Pierre Walet N’Guessan ◽

Alain Jacques Acka Kotaix ◽

Yao Tano

Keyword(s):

Cote D'ivoire ◽

Ivory Coast ◽

Côte D’Ivoire ◽

Cote D’Ivoire ◽

Côte D'ivoire ◽

Cocoa Production ◽

Production Areas ◽

Cocoa Tree

The cocoa tree is a very important plant in Côte d'Ivoire (formerly known as Ivory Coast) with a production of 2,15 million tons. In spite of this performance, cocoa production is attacked by several pests of which the emerging ones are Pseudotheraptus devastans (Distant). These insects attack cherelles, pods, gourmands and young shoots. This study aims to locate these pests and determine their importance in the different cocoa production areas. The device used is total randomization. The leaching carried out in the orchard revealed the presence of P.devastans in all the cocoa producing districts. The means were 0,02 ± 0,00 to 2,35 ± 0,38 P. devastans / tree. The districts of Sassandra-Marahoué, Comoé and Montagnes recorded more P.devastans. However, the districts of Bas-Sassandra, Lagunes et Lacs had fewer P.devastans.

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Variabilite Des Extremes Pluviometriques Sur Le Bassin Versant De La Riviere Bia (Sud-Est, Cote d’Ivoire)

European Scientific Journal ESJ ◽

10.19044/esj.2018.v14n2p134 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 14 (2) ◽

pp. 134

Author(s):

Kouassi Kan Martin ◽

Kouassi Kouakou Lazare ◽

Yao Koffi Blaise ◽

Meledje N'diaye Hermann ◽

Biemi Jean ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Trend Analysis ◽

Cote D'ivoire ◽

Côte D’Ivoire ◽

Daily Rainfall ◽

Cote D’Ivoire ◽

Côte D'ivoire ◽

Extreme Rain ◽

Historical Database ◽

Bassin Versant

Climate change is a reality which affects many climatic variables, including precipitation. The objective of this article is to study the extreme rain variability from a historical database (1941 - 2000). For this purpose, eleven (11) rainfall indices were calculated at the Adiaké, Bianouan, Ayamé, and Agnibilekro rainfall stations in Côte d'Ivoire. Due to lack of data on daily rainfall on the Ghanaian section of watershed, nine (9) monthly precipitations indices were estimated from monthly rainfall at the Enshi and Buakuc stations. The trend analysis of the precipitations indices show that a generalized downward was most significant in Adiaké compared to other stations. Furthermore, indices extreme thresholding (P99, P99p, P99,5 and P99,5p) have experienced a stable trend and a stationary evolution. All steps were detected in the non-stationary indices mostly observed after 1980 (late break) and before 1960 (precocious break).

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Cocoa Production Output Response to Smallholder Price Speculation: Case Study of Cote d’Ivoire and Nigeria

International Economic Journal ◽

10.1080/10168737.2019.1597143 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 33 (2) ◽

pp. 350-364

Author(s):

Coulibaly Kigbajah Salifou ◽

Cao Erbao ◽

Amadou Maiga Ousseini ◽

T. Metuge Mekongcho

Keyword(s):

Cote D'ivoire ◽

Côte D’Ivoire ◽

Cote D’Ivoire ◽

Output Response ◽

Côte D'ivoire ◽

Cocoa Production ◽

Production Output

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Simultaneous Effects of the Climate Change and the Recent Hydromorphological Modification of Vridi Channel (Côte d'Ivoire) on Some Its Hydrochemical Characteristics

Current Journal of Applied Science and Technology ◽

10.9734/cjast/2020/v39i4331143 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 82-97

Author(s):

N'da Samuel ◽

Yao Marcel Konan ◽

Trokourey Albert

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Organic Matter ◽

Redox Potential ◽

Cote D'ivoire ◽

Côte D’Ivoire ◽

Benthic Fauna ◽

Cote D’Ivoire ◽

Côte D'ivoire ◽

Climatic Regime ◽

Annual Period

This work aims to assess the simultaneous effects of the climate change and the hydromorphological modification of Vridi channel on its hydrochemistry. To best estimate, this fact, the seasonal dynamic of the particle size distribution, pH, redox potential, salinity, conductivity, moisture and organic matter contents of Vridi channel sediments have been followed and compared during two different annual periods, where the climate and the hydromorphology of this estuary have been different. The first annual period, covering the period from April 2014 to March 2015, has been characterized by a climatic regime close to the climatic normal of the study area and, this channel had its former hydromorphology. The second period annual, covering the period from October 2018 to September 2019, has been marked by a disruption of the climatic regime throughout Côte d'Ivoire, and this channel presented its modified hydromorphology. A monthly sampling has been done in this channel during each annual period. All These physical and chemical parameters have been determined by the corresponding AFNOR standards. Results have shown that these superficial sediments, with a predominantly sandy texture over the period from April 2014 to March 2015, have presented a texture predominantly of silt and clays over the period from October 2018 to September 2019. The climate change and the recent hydromorphological modification of this ecosystem had simultaneous very few effects on their pH and redox potential over the study period. On the other hand, they have caused an important increase in their salinity, moisture and organic matter contents and, a decrease in their electrical conductivity over the period from October 2018 to September 2019 relative to those determined in these substrates over the period of April 2014 to March 2015. This fact has certainly affected its biodiversity, especially that of its benthic fauna.

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A Living Income for Cocoa Producers in Côte d'Ivoire and Ghana?

Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems ◽

10.3389/fsufs.2021.732831 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 ◽

Author(s):

Jiska A. van Vliet ◽

Maja A. Slingerland ◽

Yuca R. Waarts ◽

Ken E. Giller

Keyword(s):

Cote D'ivoire ◽

Côte D’Ivoire ◽

Poverty Line ◽

Production Costs ◽

Data Sets ◽

Cote D’Ivoire ◽

Extreme Poverty ◽

Côte D'ivoire ◽

Cocoa Production ◽

Gross Income

It is often claimed that cocoa producers are poor, but the extent of their poverty is rarely defined. We analyzed six data sets derived from household questionnaires of 385–88,896 cocoa producers in Côte d'Ivoire and Ghana. Across all data sets, many households (30–58%) earn a gross income below the World Bank extreme poverty line and the majority (73–90%) do not earn a Living Income. Households with less income per person per day generally achieve lower cocoa yields, consist of more household members, have a smaller land size available, and rely more on cocoa income than households with higher incomes. When comparing the effects of increasing prices and yields on gross income, yield increases lead to larger benefits especially for the poorest households. Doubling the cocoa price would leave 15–25% of households with a gross income below the extreme poverty line and 53–65% below the Living Income benchmark. At yields of 600 kg/ha, against current yields around 300 kg/ha, these percentages are reduced to 7–11 and 48–62%, respectively, while at yields of 1,500 kg/ha only 1–2% of households remain below the extreme poverty line and 13–20% below the Living Income benchmark. If we assume that the production costs of achieving a yield of 1,500 kg/ha are 30% of revenue, still only 2–4% of households earn a net income below the extreme poverty line and 25–32% below the Living Income benchmark. Whilst sustainable intensification of cocoa production is undoubtedly a strong approach to increase cocoa yields and farmer incomes, achieving this does not come without pitfalls. The poorer households face multiple barriers to invest in cocoa production. A better understanding of cocoa producing households and the resources available to them, as well as the opportunity for alternative income generation, is required to tailor options to increase their income. The utility and interpretability of future household surveys would be drastically improved if definitions and variables addressed were approached in a standardized way.

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COCOA PRODUCTION IN CAMEROON: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS WITH THE EXPERIENCE OF COTE D'IVOIRE

Cocoa Cycles ◽

10.1016/b978-1-85573-215-5.50012-0 ◽

1995 ◽

pp. 161-177

Author(s):

Bruno Losch

Keyword(s):

Comparative Analysis ◽

Cote D'ivoire ◽

Côte D’Ivoire ◽

Cote D’Ivoire ◽

Côte D'ivoire ◽

Cocoa Production

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Geographical Distribution of Cacao swollen shoot virus Molecular Variability in Côte d'Ivoire

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-09-11-0749-re ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 96 (10) ◽

pp. 1445-1450 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

K. Kouakou ◽

B. I. Kébé ◽

N. Kouassi ◽

S. Aké ◽

C. Cilas ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Geographical Distribution ◽

Cote D'ivoire ◽

Côte D’Ivoire ◽

Phylogenetic Position ◽

Cote D’Ivoire ◽

Reading Frame ◽

Côte D'ivoire ◽

Cocoa Production ◽

Cacao Swollen Shoot Virus ◽

Group B

The discovery of new outbreaks caused by Cacao swollen shoot virus (CSSV) in Côte d'Ivoire in 2003, when this disease seemed to have been eradicated since the end of the 1950s in that country, casts doubt on the sustainability of Ivorian cocoa production. The aims of this study were, first, to carry out a molecular characterization of CSSV isolates from the main outbreaks in Côte d'Ivoire; second, determine their phylogenetic position in relation to isolates already discovered in Togo and Ghana; and, finally, study their geographical distribution to understand the dispersal of the virus. Additionally, this study was intended to enable the implementation and validation of a polyvalent molecular diagnosis assay for CSSV. Sequences analyses, corresponding to a fragment located at the 5′ end of open reading frame (ORF)3 of the CSSV genome, revealed three new CSSV groups (D, E, and F) distinct from the A, B, and C groups already identified in Togo. Only group B was detected in all the outbreaks, whereas groups A and C were not identified in Côte d'Ivoire. In addition, a polymerase chain reaction diagnostic using the ORF3A F/R primer pair was polyvalent, because it enabled the detection of CSSV in 90% of the plots in all the cocoa regions analyzed by this study.

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