scholarly journals A Living Income for Cocoa Producers in Côte d'Ivoire and Ghana?

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiska A. van Vliet ◽  
Maja A. Slingerland ◽  
Yuca R. Waarts ◽  
Ken E. Giller
Keyword(s):  
Cote D'ivoire ◽  
Côte D’Ivoire ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Cote D’Ivoire ◽  
Extreme Poverty ◽  
Côte D'ivoire ◽  
Cocoa Production ◽  
Gross Income

It is often claimed that cocoa producers are poor, but the extent of their poverty is rarely defined. We analyzed six data sets derived from household questionnaires of 385–88,896 cocoa producers in Côte d'Ivoire and Ghana. Across all data sets, many households (30–58%) earn a gross income below the World Bank extreme poverty line and the majority (73–90%) do not earn a Living Income. Households with less income per person per day generally achieve lower cocoa yields, consist of more household members, have a smaller land size available, and rely more on cocoa income than households with higher incomes. When comparing the effects of increasing prices and yields on gross income, yield increases lead to larger benefits especially for the poorest households. Doubling the cocoa price would leave 15–25% of households with a gross income below the extreme poverty line and 53–65% below the Living Income benchmark. At yields of 600 kg/ha, against current yields around 300 kg/ha, these percentages are reduced to 7–11 and 48–62%, respectively, while at yields of 1,500 kg/ha only 1–2% of households remain below the extreme poverty line and 13–20% below the Living Income benchmark. If we assume that the production costs of achieving a yield of 1,500 kg/ha are 30% of revenue, still only 2–4% of households earn a net income below the extreme poverty line and 25–32% below the Living Income benchmark. Whilst sustainable intensification of cocoa production is undoubtedly a strong approach to increase cocoa yields and farmer incomes, achieving this does not come without pitfalls. The poorer households face multiple barriers to invest in cocoa production. A better understanding of cocoa producing households and the resources available to them, as well as the opportunity for alternative income generation, is required to tailor options to increase their income. The utility and interpretability of future household surveys would be drastically improved if definitions and variables addressed were approached in a standardized way.

Profile of migrants for cocoa production and agronomic characteristics of cocoa farms in Western Côte d'Ivoire

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 051-062
Author(s):  
Kpangui Kouassi Bruno ◽  
Sangne Yao Charles ◽  
Kouakou Kouassi Apollinaire ◽  
Koua Kadio Attey Noël ◽  
Koffi N'Guessan Achille
Keyword(s):  
Cote D'ivoire ◽  
Forest Cover ◽  
Côte D’Ivoire ◽  
The West ◽  
Cote D’Ivoire ◽  
Côte D'ivoire ◽  
Cocoa Production ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Migrant Farmers ◽  
Cocoa Farmers

The mountainous relief of the West of Côte d'Ivoire and the large savannahs next to forests didn’t make this zone very excellent for cocoa production. However, for the last decade, an important influx of farming population has been observed in this area. The objective of this study is to analyze the dynamics of the settlement of migrant farmers in the West region of Côte d’Ivoire, using the department of Biankouma as a case of study. So, individual surveys were conducted among 203 cocoa farmers from 15 villages in the department of Biankouma, who had migrated to this region, It was found that the majority of these farmers are natives of Côte d'Ivoire (38.3%) and non-natives (33.5%) from countries in the West Africa region. The migratory flow to this region is mainly internal, with 95.6% of farmers coming from 11 Districts and 55 localities in the country. While initially (i.e., before 1985), farmers came from towns near Duékoué (11.8%), these waves of movement from towns in neighboring districts (Bas-Sassandra and Sassandra-Marahoué) to the Western Region will experience their highest rates between 2002 and 2013. Observations drawn from our research findings support the hypothesis that the political-military crisis that the country has experienced has accentuated migratory flows of farmers for cocoa production in western Côte d'Ivoire and these migratory flows could be the cause of the degradation of forest cover in the Biankouma Department.

scholarly journals Effet de la farine d’épluchures de manioc sur les performances zootechniques et économiques du poulet de chair au démarrage en Côte d’Ivoire

2019 ◽  
Vol 42.2 ◽  
pp. 7237-7244
Author(s):  
Kouakou Eugène KOUADIO ◽  
Kouabena KREMAN ◽  
Kalo Laciné BAMBA ◽  
Gouagoua Severin KOUADJA
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Cote D'ivoire ◽  
Côte D’Ivoire ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Cote D’Ivoire ◽  
Côte D'ivoire ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Inclusion Rate ◽  
Cassava Peels

Une étude a été réalisée pour évaluer l’effet de la farine d’épluchures de manioc incorporée dans l’aliment sur les performances zootechniques et économiques du poulet de chair en phase démarrage. Elle a porté sur 240 poussins chair, de souche "Cobb 500" d’un jour d’âge, répartis dans 12 unités expérimentales suivant un dispositif complètement randomisé comportant 4 traitements et 3 répétitions chacun. Il s’agit d’un aliment témoin commercial (T) représentant l’aliment de référence et trois aliments expérimentaux comportant respectivement 0 % (A0), 15 % (A15) et 30 % (A30) de la farine d’épluchures de manioc. Après 21 jours d’élevage, il a été observé qu’aucune différence significative n’a été observée pour les performances de croissance (le poids vif, le gain de poids et le GMQ) entre les poulets du lot témoin (T) et ceux soumis aux traitements A0 et A15. A 30 % de taux d’inclusion de la farine d’épluchures de manioc, une régression des performances de croissance des poussins a été constatée. La consommation alimentaire et l’indice de consommation sont statistiquement identiques pour les traitements T, A0 et A15 respectivement. Par contre, ils augmentent avec 30 % d’inclusion. Les aliments A0 et A15 ont eu les coûts de production du kilogramme de poids vifs les plus bas avec respectivement une différence de 130,94 FCFA/kgPv et de 129,09 FCFA/kgPv comparés à l’aliment de référence (T). Dans les conditions de la présente étude, il a été conclu qu’en phase démarrage, un taux d’inclusion de 15 % de la farine d’épluchures de manioc dans l’aliment permet de produire des poussins de performances zootechniques comparables aux rations A0 et T. ABSTRACT Effect of cassava peels flour on the economic and zootechnical performance of broiler chicken at startup in Côte d'Ivoire A study was carried out to evaluate the effect of cassava peels flour in the feed on the zootechnical and economic performance of the broiler at startup. It related to 240 chicks, of the "Cobb 500" strain of one day of age, distributed in 12 experimental units according to a completely randomized device comprising 4 treatments and 3 repetitions each. It is a commercial control feed (T) representing the reference feed and three experimental feeds respectively comprising 0 (A0), 15 (A15) and 30 % (A30) of the cassava peels flour. After 21 days of breeding, no significant difference in growth performance (body weight, weight gain and GMQ) was observed between the chickens in the control group (T) and those subjected to the treatments A0 and A15. At 30 % inclusion rate of peelings a growth performance depression of the chicks was noted. Feed consumption and consumption index were statistically identical for treatments T, A0 and A15. On the other hand, they increase with 30% inclusion. The treatment A0 and A15 had the lowest production costs per kilogram of live weight with a difference of 130.94 FCFA / kgPv and 129.09 FCFA / kgPv, respectively, relative to the reference feed (T). Under the conditions of the present study, it was concluded that in the start-up phase, an inclusion rate of 15 % of the cassava peel flour in the feed makes it possible to produce chicks of zootechnical performances comparable to the A0 and T rations.

scholarly journals Bionomics and Importance of an Emerging Pest Pseudotheraptus devastans (Distant) (Heteroptera: Coreidae) in the Cocoa Orchards of Côte d'Ivoire

2021 ◽  
pp. 114-121
Author(s):  
Norbert N’Dri Kouamé ◽  
François Kouamé N’Guessan ◽  
Pierre Walet N’Guessan ◽  
Alain Jacques Acka Kotaix ◽  
Yao Tano
Keyword(s):  
Cote D'ivoire ◽  
Ivory Coast ◽  
Côte D’Ivoire ◽  
Cote D’Ivoire ◽  
Côte D'ivoire ◽  
Cocoa Production ◽  
Production Areas ◽  
Cocoa Tree

The cocoa tree is a very important plant in Côte d'Ivoire (formerly known as Ivory Coast) with a production of 2,15 million  tons. In spite of this performance, cocoa production is attacked by several pests of which the emerging ones are Pseudotheraptus devastans (Distant). These insects  attack  cherelles,  pods, gourmands and young shoots. This study aims to locate these pests and determine their importance in the different cocoa production areas. The device used is total  randomization. The leaching carried out in the orchard revealed the presence of P.devastans in all the cocoa producing districts. The means were 0,02 ± 0,00 to 2,35 ± 0,38 P. devastans  / tree.  The  districts of Sassandra-Marahoué, Comoé and Montagnes recorded  more  P.devastans.  However, the districts of Bas-Sassandra, Lagunes et Lacs had fewer P.devastans.

Cocoa Production Output Response to Smallholder Price Speculation: Case Study of Cote d’Ivoire and Nigeria

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 350-364
Author(s):  
Coulibaly Kigbajah Salifou ◽  
Cao Erbao ◽  
Amadou Maiga Ousseini ◽  
T. Metuge Mekongcho
Keyword(s):  
Cote D'ivoire ◽  
Côte D’Ivoire ◽  
Cote D’Ivoire ◽  
Output Response ◽  
Côte D'ivoire ◽  
Cocoa Production ◽  
Production Output

scholarly journals Geographical Distribution of Cacao swollen shoot virus Molecular Variability in Côte d'Ivoire

Plant Disease ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 96 (10) ◽  
pp. 1445-1450 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Kouakou ◽  
B. I. Kébé ◽  
N. Kouassi ◽  
S. Aké ◽  
C. Cilas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Cote D'ivoire ◽  
Côte D’Ivoire ◽  
Phylogenetic Position ◽  
Cote D’Ivoire ◽  
Reading Frame ◽  
Côte D'ivoire ◽  
Cocoa Production ◽  
Cacao Swollen Shoot Virus ◽  
Group B

The discovery of new outbreaks caused by Cacao swollen shoot virus (CSSV) in Côte d'Ivoire in 2003, when this disease seemed to have been eradicated since the end of the 1950s in that country, casts doubt on the sustainability of Ivorian cocoa production. The aims of this study were, first, to carry out a molecular characterization of CSSV isolates from the main outbreaks in Côte d'Ivoire; second, determine their phylogenetic position in relation to isolates already discovered in Togo and Ghana; and, finally, study their geographical distribution to understand the dispersal of the virus. Additionally, this study was intended to enable the implementation and validation of a polyvalent molecular diagnosis assay for CSSV. Sequences analyses, corresponding to a fragment located at the 5′ end of open reading frame (ORF)3 of the CSSV genome, revealed three new CSSV groups (D, E, and F) distinct from the A, B, and C groups already identified in Togo. Only group B was detected in all the outbreaks, whereas groups A and C were not identified in Côte d'Ivoire. In addition, a polymerase chain reaction diagnostic using the ORF3A F/R primer pair was polyvalent, because it enabled the detection of CSSV in 90% of the plots in all the cocoa regions analyzed by this study.

scholarly journals Social Cohesion as the Missing Link between Natural Resource Management and Peacebuilding: Lessons from Cocoa Production in Côte d’Ivoire and Colombia

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (23) ◽  
pp. 13002
Author(s):  
Katharina Löhr ◽  
Bujar Aruqaj ◽  
Daniel Baumert ◽  
Michelle Bonatti ◽  
Michael Brüntrup ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Resource Management ◽  
Natural Resource Management ◽  
Natural Resource ◽  
Social Cohesion ◽  
Cote D'ivoire ◽  
Côte D’Ivoire ◽  
Cote D’Ivoire ◽  
Post Conflict ◽  
Côte D'ivoire ◽  
Cocoa Production

Social cohesion plays a key role in processes of peacebuilding and sustainable development. Fostering social cohesion might present a potential to enhance the connection of natural resource management and peacebuilding and better functioning of sustainable land use systems. This contribution explores the nexus between social cohesion, natural resource management, and peacebuilding. We do so by (1) reviewing literature on the three concepts and (2) studying four different key action areas in the context of sustainable cocoa production for their potential to enhance social cohesion, namely (a) agroforestry; (b) cooperatives; (c) certification schemes; and (d) trade policies. Research is based on experience from cocoa production in two post-conflict countries, Côte d’Ivoire and Colombia. Our findings show that by fostering environmentally sustainable agricultural practices, these key action areas have a clear potential to foster social cohesion among cocoa producers and thus provide a valuable contribution to post-conflict peacebuilding in both countries. However, the actual effects strongly depend on a multitude of local factors which need to be carefully taken into consideration. Further, the focus in implementation of some of these approaches tends to be on increasing agricultural productivity and not directly on fostering cocoa farmers’ wellbeing and societal relations, and hence a shift toward social objectives is needed in order to strengthen these approaches as a part of overall peacebuilding strategies.

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