scholarly journals SARS-CoV-2 may affect the immune response via direct inhibition of T cell receptor: Mechanistic hypothesis and rationale

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander B Sigalov
Keyword(s):  
T Cell ◽  
T Cell Receptor ◽  
Cell Receptor ◽  
T Cell Receptor Signaling ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
T Cell Lymphopenia ◽  
Host Cell Entry ◽  
Hiv 1

During co-evolution with their hosts, many viruses have evolved a membrane fusion mechanism to facilitate host cell entry. Examples include human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronaviruses 1 and 2 (SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2). These viruses can also infect immune cells (e.g., T cells), providing one of the possible mechanisms for the T cell lymphopenia observed in patients with these infections. Previously, we hypothesized and confirmed in vivo that like HIV-1, SARS-CoV-1 can use its fusion domain not only to enter the T cell but also to directly inhibit T cell receptor signaling. Here, based on the analysis of available structural and clinical data, we hypothesize that SARS-CoV-2 may use a similar "disarm the alarm" strategy to suppress immune responses. We also discuss the implications of this hypothesis for better understanding coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pathology, developing effective COVID-19 vaccines and improving clinical outcomes for COVID-19 patients.

scholarly journals T-Cell Receptor-Mediated Anergy of a Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) gp120-Specific CD4+ Cytotoxic T-Cell Clone, Induced by a Natural HIV Type 1 Variant Peptide

2000 ◽  
Vol 74 (5) ◽  
pp. 2121-2130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Latifa Bouhdoud ◽  
Patricia Villain ◽  
Abderrazzak Merzouki ◽  
Maximilian Arella ◽  
Clément Couture
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
T Cells ◽  
T Cell ◽  
T Cell Receptor ◽  
Cell Receptor ◽  
Cytotoxic T Cell ◽  
Ctl Response ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv 1

ABSTRACT Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection triggers a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response mediated by CD8+ and perhaps CD4+ CTLs. The mechanisms by which HIV-1 escapes from this CTL response are only beginning to be understood. However, it is already clear that the extreme genetic variability of the virus is a major contributing factor. Because of the well-known ability of altered peptide ligands (APL) to induce a T-cell receptor (TCR)-mediated anergic state in CD4+ helper T cells, we investigated the effects of HIV-1 sequence variations on the proliferation and cytotoxic activation of a human CD4+ CTL clone (Een217) specific for an epitope composed of amino acids 410 to 429 of HIV-1 gp120. We report that a natural variant of this epitope induced a functional anergic state rendering the T cells unable to respond to their antigenic ligand and preventing the proliferation and cytotoxic activation normally induced by the original antigenic peptide. Furthermore, the stimulation of Een217 cells with this APL generated altered TCR-proximal signaling events that have been associated with the induction of T-cell anergy in CD4+ T cells. Importantly, the APL-induced anergic state of the Een217 T cells could be prevented by the addition of interleukin 2, which restored their ability to respond to their nominal antigen. Our data therefore suggest that HIV-1 variants can induce a state of anergy in HIV-specific CD4+ CTLs. Such a mechanism may allow a viral variant to not only escape the CTL response but also facilitate the persistence of other viral strains that may otherwise be recognized and eliminated by HIV-specific CTLs.

scholarly journals Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Envelope gp120-Induced Partial T-Cell Receptor Signaling Creates an F-Actin-Depleted Zone in the Virological Synapse

2009 ◽  
Vol 83 (21) ◽  
pp. 11341-11355 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gaia Vasiliver-Shamis ◽  
Michael W. Cho ◽  
Catarina E. Hioe ◽  
Michael L. Dustin
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Infected Cell ◽  
T Cell Receptor ◽  
Cell Receptor ◽  
Cd4 T Cell ◽  
Virological Synapse ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv 1

ABSTRACT Cell-to-cell transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) occurs via a virological synapse (VS), a tight cell-cell junction formed between HIV-infected cells and target cells in which the HIV-1-infected cell polarizes and releases virions toward the noninfected target cell in a gp120- and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1)-dependent process. The response of the target cell has been less studied. We utilized supported planar bilayers presenting gp120 and ICAM-1 as a reductionist model for the infected-cell membrane and investigated its effect on the target CD4 T cell. This study shows that HIV-1 gp120 interaction with its receptors is initially organized into microclusters that undergo F-actin-dependent consolidation into a central supramolecular activation complex (cSMAC). Src kinases are active in both gp120 microclusters and in the VS cSMAC. The early T-cell receptor (TCR) signaling machinery is partially activated at the VS, and signaling does not propagate to trigger Ca2+ elevation or increase CD69 expression. However, these partial TCR signals act locally to create an F-actin-depleted zone. We propose a model in which the F-actin-depleted zone formed within the target CD4 T cell enhances the reception of virions by releasing the physical barrier for HIV-1 entry and facilitating postentry events.

scholarly journals Random T-Cell Receptor Recruitment in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1)-Specific CD8+ T Cells from Genetically Identical Twins Infected with the Same HIV-1 Strain

2007 ◽  
Vol 81 (22) ◽  
pp. 12666-12669 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xu G. Yu ◽  
Mathias Lichterfeld ◽  
Katie L. Williams ◽  
Javier Martinez-Picado ◽  
Bruce D. Walker
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
T Cells ◽  
T Cell ◽  
T Cell Receptor ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type ◽  
Virus Type ◽  
Cell Receptor ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv 1

ABSTRACT Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) cytotoxic T-lymphocyte escape mutations represent both a major reason for loss of HIV immune control and a considerable challenge for HIV-1 vaccine design. Previous data suggest that initial HIV-1-specific CD8+ T-cell responses are determined largely by viral and host genetics, but the mechanisms influencing the subsequent viral evolution are unclear. Here, we show a random recruitment of T-cell receptor (TCR) alpha and beta clonotypes of the initial HIV-1-specific CD8+ T cells during primary infection in two genetically identical twins infected simultaneously with the same virus, suggesting that stochastic TCR recruitment of HIV-1-specific CD8+ T cells contributes to the diverse and unpredictable HIV-1 sequence evolution.

scholarly journals In Vivo Selection of T-Cell Receptor Junctional Region Sequences by HLA-A2 Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 Tax11-19 Peptide Complexes

2001 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
pp. 1065-1071 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mineki Saito ◽  
Graham P. Taylor ◽  
Akiko Saito ◽  
Yoshitaka Furukawa ◽  
Koichiro Usuku ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
T Cell ◽  
T Cell Receptor ◽  
Virus Type ◽  
Cell Receptor ◽  
Antigen Specificity ◽  
Human T Cell ◽  
Cdr3 Region

ABSTRACT Using HLA-peptide tetrameric complexes, we isolated human T-cell lymphotrophic virus type 1 Tax peptide-specific CD8+ T cells ex vivo. Antigen-specific amino acid motifs were identified in the T-cell receptor Vβ CDR3 region of clonally expanded CD8+ T cells. This result directly confirms the importance of the CDR3 region in determining the antigen specificity in vivo.

scholarly journals CD4-Independent Infection of Two CD4−/CCR5−/CXCR4+ Pre-T-Cell Lines by Human and Simian Immunodeficiency Viruses

2000 ◽  
Vol 74 (14) ◽  
pp. 6689-6694 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandra Borsetti ◽  
Cristina Parolin ◽  
Barbara Ridolfi ◽  
Leonardo Sernicola ◽  
Andrea Geraci ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cell ◽  
Cell Lines ◽  
Chemokine Receptors ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Cxcr4 Coreceptor ◽  
T Cell Lines ◽  
Hiv 1

ABSTRACT The infection of CD4-negative cells by variants of tissue culture-adapted human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) or HIV-2 strains has been shown to be mediated by the CXCR4 coreceptor. Here we show that two in vitro-established CD4−/CCR5−/CXCR4+ human pre-T-cell lines (A3 and A5) can be productively infected by wild-type laboratory-adapted T-cell-tropic HIV-1 and HIV-2 strains in a CD4-independent, CXCR4-dependent fashion. Despite the absence of CCR5 expression, A3 and A5 cells were susceptible to infection by the simian immunodeficiency viruses SIVmac239 and SIVmac316. Thus, at least in A3 and A5 cells, one or more of the chemokine receptors can efficiently support the entry of HIV and SIV isolates in the absence of CD4. These findings suggest that to infect cells of different compartments, HIV and SIV could have evolved in vivo to bypass CD4 and to interact directly with an alternative receptor.

scholarly journals T cell receptor usage and fine specificity of human immunodeficiency virus 1-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte clones: analysis of quasispecies recognition reveals a dominant response directed against a minor in vivo variant.

1996 ◽  
Vol 183 (4) ◽  
pp. 1669-1679 ◽  
Author(s):  
S A Kalams ◽  
R P Johnson ◽  
M J Dynan ◽  
K E Hartman ◽  
T Harrer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cell Receptor ◽  
T Lymphocyte ◽  
Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte ◽  
Cell Receptor ◽  
Ctl Response ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hla Type ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Hiv 1

Numerous virus-specific, class I-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) epitopes have been identified, yet little information is available regarding the specificity of the CTL response in persons of the same human histocompatibility leukocyte antigen (HLA) type. In this study, the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) 1 envelope-specific CTL response was evaluated in five HLA-B14-positive persons. CTL responses specific for a previously described nine-amino acid epitope in gp41 (aa 584-592, ERYLKDQQL) could be identified in all subjects, and CTL clones specific for this epitope could be isolated from four persons. Despite heterogeneous T cell receptor usage, the fine specificity of the clones was similar, as defined by recognition of alanine-substituted peptides as well as peptides representing natural HIV-1 sequence variants. Correlation with in vivo virus sequences revealed that the dominant species in two of the subjects represented poorly recognized variants, with a K-->Q substitution at amino acid 588, whereas no variants were observed in the other two subjects. Although clonal type-specific responses to these dominant variants could be identified, the magnitude of these responses remained small, and the dominant CTL response was directed at the minor in vivo variant. These studies indicate that despite similar epitope-specific immunologic pressure in persons of the same HLA type, the in vivo quasispecies may differ, and that the major in vivo immune response to a given CTL epitope can be directed at a minor variant.

scholarly journals Association with PAK2 Enables Functional Interactions of Lentiviral Nef Proteins with the Exocyst Complex

mBio ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Imle ◽  
Libin Abraham ◽  
Nikolaos Tsopoulidis ◽  
Bernard Hoflack ◽  
Kalle Saksela ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cell ◽  
Host Cell ◽  
T Cell Receptor ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Cell Receptor ◽  
Molecular Surface ◽  
Actin Dynamics ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Proximal Signaling

ABSTRACTHuman immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Nef enhances virus replication and contributes to immune evasionin vivo, but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain incompletely defined. Nef interferes with host cell actin dynamics to restrict T lymphocyte responses to chemokine stimulation and T cell receptor engagement. This relies on the assembly of a labile multiprotein complex including the host kinase PAK2 that Nef usurps to phosphorylate and inactivate the actin-severing factor cofilin. Components of the exocyst complex (EXOC), an octameric protein complex involved in vesicular transport and actin remodeling, were recently reported to interact with Nef via the same molecular surface that mediates PAK2 association. Exploring the functional relevance of EXOC in Nef-PAK2 complex assembly/function, we found Nef-EXOC interactions to be specifically mediated by the PAK2 interface of Nef, to occur in infected human T lymphocytes, and to be conserved among lentiviral Nef proteins. In turn, EXOC was dispensable for direct downstream effector functions of Nef-associated PAK2. Surprisingly, PAK2 was essential for Nef-EXOC association, which required a functional Rac1/Cdc42 binding site but not the catalytic activity of PAK2. EXOC was dispensable for Nef functions in vesicular transport but critical for inhibition of actin remodeling and proximal signaling upon T cell receptor engagement. Thus, Nef exploits PAK2 in a stepwise mechanism in which its kinase activity cooperates with an adaptor function for EXOC to inhibit host cell actin dynamics.IMPORTANCEHuman immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Nef contributes to AIDS pathogenesis, but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain incompletely understood. An important aspect of Nef function is to facilitate virus replication by disrupting T lymphocyte actin dynamics in response to stimulation via its association with the host cell kinase PAK2. We report here that the molecular surface of Nef for PAK2 association also mediates interaction of Nef with EXOC and establish that PAK2 provides an essential adaptor function for the subsequent formation of Nef-EXOC complexes. PAK2 and EXOC specifically cooperate in the inhibition of actin dynamics and proximal signaling induced by T cell receptor engagement by Nef. These results establish EXOC as a functionally relevant Nef interaction partner, emphasize the suitability of the PAK2 interaction surface for future therapeutic interference with Nef function, and show that such strategies need to target activity-independent PAK2 functions.

Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Nef Protein Sensitizes CD4+ T Lymphoid Cells to Apoptosis via Functional Upregulation of the CD95/CD95 Ligand Pathway

Blood ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 93 (3) ◽  
pp. 1000-1010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giorgio Zauli ◽  
Davide Gibellini ◽  
Paola Secchiero ◽  
Hélène Dutartre ◽  
Daniel Olive ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Cell Death ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type ◽  
Virus Type ◽  
Cd95 Ligand ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv 1

Many viruses have evolved genes encoding proteins that regulate cell death by apoptosis. The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Nef protein alters T-cell development and signaling and is required for optimal viral replication and pathogenicity in vivo. To analyze the interference of Nef with cell survival, we used both regulated and constitutively expressed nef alleles in stably transfected T-cell lines. Nef-expressing cells were sensitized to cell death by apoptosis, which was specifically exacerbated by an anti-CD95 IgM monoclonal antibody (MoAb). Flow cytometric analysis showed that the surface expression of both CD95 and CD95 ligand (CD95L) was upregulated by endogenous Nef expression. Nef-mediated apoptosis was almost completely suppressed by the addition in culture of an anti-CD95 Fab′ IgG MoAb, which specifically blocks CD95/CD95L interactions. Lastly, mutation of a proline motif in the core region of the nef gene, which disrupts its ability to interact with cellular kinases and reduces HIV-1 replication in vitro, completely abrogated the Nef-mediated induction of apoptosis as well as its ability to upregulate surface CD95 and CD95L. These findings may provide molecular insight into the role of endogenous Nef in the T-cell depletion observed in vivo, particularly HIV-specific cytotoxic CD8+ T cells.

scholarly journals Displacement of SATB1-Bound Histone Deacetylase 1 Corepressor by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Transactivator Induces Expression of Interleukin-2 and Its Receptor in T Cells

2005 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 1620-1633 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Pavan Kumar ◽  
Prabhat Kumar Purbey ◽  
Dyavar S. Ravi ◽  
Debashis Mitra ◽  
Sanjeev Galande
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
T Cells ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Histone Deacetylase ◽  
Interleukin 2 ◽  
Histone Deacetylase 1 ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv 1

ABSTRACT One hallmark of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection is the dysregulation of cytokine gene expression in T cells. Transfection of T cells with human T-cell leukemia type 1 or 2 transactivator results in the induction of the T-cell-restricted cytokine interleukin-2 (IL-2) and its receptor (IL-2Rα). However, no T-cell-specific factor(s) has been directly linked with the regulation of IL-2 and IL-2Rα transcription by influencing the promoter activity. Thymocytes from SATB1 (special AT-rich sequence binding protein 1) knockout mice have been shown to ectopically express IL-2Rα, suggesting involvement of SATB1 in its negative regulation. Here we show that SATB1, a T-cell-specific global gene regulator, binds to the promoters of human IL-2 and IL-2Rα and recruits histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) in vivo. SATB1 also interacts with Tat in HIV-1-infected T cells. The functional interaction between HIV-1 Tat and SATB1 requires its PDZ-like domain, and the binding of the HDAC1 corepressor occurs through the same. Furthermore, Tat competitively displaces HDAC1 that is bound to SATB1, leading to increased acetylation of the promoters in vivo. Transduction with SATB1 interaction-deficient soluble Tat (Tat 40-72) and reporter assays using a transactivation-negative mutant (C22G) of Tat unequivocally demonstrated that the displacement of HDAC1 itself is sufficient for derepression of these promoters in vivo. These results suggest a novel mechanism by which HIV-1 Tat might overcome SATB1-mediated repression in T cells.

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