scholarly journals Endorsement of Traditional Masculinity Ideologies is Associated With Differences in Psychotherapy Use Among Heterosexual-Identified but not Non-Heterosexual-Identified Men

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lukas Eggenberger ◽  
Nikola Komlenac ◽  
Ulrike Ehlert ◽  
Jessica Grub ◽  
Andreas Walther
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Distress ◽  
Gender Role ◽  
Role Conflict ◽  
Gender Role Conflict ◽  
Depression Symptoms ◽  
Online Questionnaire ◽  
Alternative Masculinities ◽  
German Speaking ◽  
And Bisexual ◽  
Traditional Masculinity

Background: Heterosexual-identified men, as compared to non-heterosexual-identifiedmen, are less likely to seek out psychotherapy when experiencing psychological distress. Stronger endorsement of traditional masculinity ideologies (TMI) has been reported to be associated with reduced psychotherapy use among men. However, the relationship between psychotherapy use, TMI, and sexual identity needs to be explored.Methods: A total of 728 psychologically distressed men (59.9% heterosexual-identified, 40.1% non-heterosexual-identified) from German-speaking parts of Europe completed an online questionnaire asking about current psychotherapy use, endorsement of TMI, experienced gender role conflict, depression symptoms, and externalizing depression symptoms.Results: In total 34.5% (N = 251) of the men were currently using psychotherapy, of which 47.4% (N = 119) identified as heterosexual and 52.6% (N = 132) as non-heterosexual. Heterosexual-identified men used psychotherapy significantly less than gay- and bisexual- identified men, while showing comparable psychological distress. Additionally, heterosexual-identified men exhibited higher endorsement of TMI across all domains and experienced more masculine gender role conflict, especially in the domains Success, Power, Competition and Restrictive Affectionate Behavior Between Men. In heterosexual- but not non-heterosexual-identified men, stronger endorsement of TMI was associated with reduced psychotherapy use.Conclusion: Higher endorsement of TMI is linked to reduced psychotherapy use among psychologically distressed heterosexual-identified men. Thus, challenging TMI and advocating for alternative masculinities that include health promoting behavior can especially help heterosexual-identified men.

scholarly journals Examining the role of traditional masculinity and depression in men’s risk for contracting COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Walther ◽  
Lukas Eggenberger ◽  
Jessica Grub ◽  
John S. Ogrodniczuk ◽  
Zac E. Seidler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gender Role ◽  
Role Conflict ◽  
Gender Role Conflict ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Depression Symptoms ◽  
Psychological Burden ◽  
Research Reporting ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Traditional Masculinity

Background: In the light of the COVID-19 pandemic and claims that traditional masculinity may put some men at increased risk for infection, research reporting men’s health behaviors is critically important. Traditional masculine norms such as self-reliance and toughness are associated with a lower likelihood to vaccinate or follow safety restrictions. Furthermore, infection risk and traditional masculinity should be investigated in a differentiated manner including gender role orientation, underlying traditional masculine ideologies and male gender role conflict. Methods: In this pre-registered online survey conducted during March/April 2021 in German-speaking countries in Europe, 490 men completed questionnaires regarding contracting COVID-19 as confirmed by a validated test, fear of COVID-19 (FCV-19S), and experience of psychological burden due to COVID-19. In addition, depression symptomatology was assessed by using prototypical internalizing and male-typical externalizing depression symptoms. Furthermore, self-identified masculine gender orientation, endorsement of traditional masculine ideologies, and gender role conflict were measured. Results: A total of 6.9% of men (n = 34) reported having contracted COVID-19 since the beginning of the pandemic. Group comparisons revealed that men who had contracted COVID-19 exhibited higher overall traditional masculine ideology and gender role conflict. Logistic regression controlling for confounders (age, income, education, and sexual orientation) indicated that only depression symptoms are independently associated with the risk of having contracted COVID-19. While prototypical depression symptoms were negatively associated with the risk of having contracted COVID-19, male-typical externalizing depression symptoms were positively associated with the risk of having contracted COVID-19. Conclusion: For traditional masculinity, no robust association for an increased risk of contracting COVID-19 could be established, while higher male-typical externalizingdepression symptoms were associated with an increased risk of having contracted COVID-19.

scholarly journals Does Experiential Avoidance Mediate the Relationship Between Gender Role Conflict and Psychological Distress?

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 688-695 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason S. Spendelow ◽  
H. Eli Joubert
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Distress ◽  
Gender Role ◽  
Role Conflict ◽  
Experiential Avoidance ◽  
Gender Role Conflict ◽  
Psychological Inflexibility ◽  
Online Questionnaire ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Relationship

Psychological inflexibility or experiential avoidance (EA) is an important construct in the understanding of psychological distress. Both EA and many forms of masculinity can be characterized by inflexibility in men’s responses to negative intrapersonal experiences. The current cross-sectional, community-based study investigated whether experiential avoidance mediated the relationship between gender role conflict (GRC) and psychological distress (PD). A total of 120 men ( M = 35.63, SD = 12.22) completed an online questionnaire measuring key study variables. Results indicated that experiential avoidance significantly mediated the relationship between each of the four recognized patterns of GRC and PD. These findings suggest that EA may be a potential mechanism through which GRC is associated with PD.

Real and Ideal Gender-Role Conflict: Exploring Psychological Distress Among Men.

2005 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Ming Liu ◽  
Aaron Rochlen ◽  
Jonathan J. Mohr
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Distress ◽  
Gender Role ◽  
Role Conflict ◽  
Gender Role Conflict

scholarly journals Status loss due to COVID-19, traditional masculinity, and the prediction of suicidal ideation and recent suicide attempts

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Walther ◽  
Jessica Grub ◽  
Sarah Tsar ◽  
Ulrike Ehlert ◽  
Adrian Heald ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Suicidal Ideation ◽  
Suicide Attempt ◽  
Role Conflict ◽  
Gender Role Conflict ◽  
Depression Symptoms ◽  
Gender Orientation ◽  
The Past ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Traditional Masculinity ◽  
Masculine Gender

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic is causing extensive job loss leading to a loss of social status in many men. Endorsement of traditional masculinity ideology may render some men particularly sensitive to status loss and thereby to an increased risk for suicidality.Methods: In this anonymous online survey conducted in German-speaking European countries, 490 men completed questionnaires regarding loss of social status due to the pandemic, suicidal ideation and past-month suicide attempt. Furthermore, prototypical and male-typical externalizing depression symptoms, self-identified masculine gender orientation, endorsement of traditional masculinity, and gender role conflict were measured.Results: Out of a total of 490 men, 14.7% of men reported experiencing a status loss due to the pandemic. These men were more than twice as likely to report suicidal ideation during the past two weeks, and more than four times as likely to have attempted suicide in the past month than men not reporting a status loss. Depression symptoms, self-identified masculine gender orientation, endorsement of traditional masculinity, but not gender role conflict were positively associated with status loss. Suicidal ideation and suicide attempt were associated with prototypical and male-typical externalizing depression symptoms, but not masculinity- related constructs.Conclusion: Status loss emerges as risk factor for suicide and is associated with depression symptoms, higher masculine gender orientation and endorsement of traditional masculinity. Men with high levels of traditional masculinity and status loss due to the pandemic are at increased risk for suicide.

Gender role conflict and psychological distress: The role of social support.

2007 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 215-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen R. Wester ◽  
Heidi Fowell Christianson ◽  
David L. Vogel ◽  
Meifen Wei
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
Psychological Distress ◽  
Gender Role ◽  
Role Conflict ◽  
Gender Role Conflict
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