Predictive multivariate modelling of religiosity, prosociality and moralizing in 295,000 individuals from European and non-European populations
Why do moral religions exist? An influential explanation is that religious beliefs in supernatural punishment is cultural group adaptation enhancing prosocial attitudes and thereby large-scale cooperation. An alternative explanation is that religiosity is an individual strategy that results from high level of mistrust and the need for individuals to control others’ behaviours through moralizing. Existing evidence is mixed but most works are limited by sample size and generalizability issues. The present study overcomes these limitations by applying k-fold cross-validation on multivariate modelling of data from more than 295,000 individuals in 108 countries of the World Values Surveys and the European Value Study. This methodology demonstrates that in European as well as in non-European samples, religious people invest less in collective actions and are more mistrustful of others. By contrast, we find a strong and positive association between higher level of mistrust, higher level of moralizing and higher level of religiosity.