Aff_Faces

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luiz G Gawryszewski ◽  
Mikael Cavallet
Keyword(s):  
Compatibility Effect ◽  
Negative Stimulus ◽  
Positive Stimulus ◽  
Spatial Compatibility ◽  
Affective Valence ◽  
Task Set ◽  
Affective Stimuli ◽  
Fearful Faces ◽  
Approach Avoidance ◽  
Avoidance Reactions

Conde et al (2011) reported a modulation of the spatial compatibility effect by the affective valence of soccer team figures. For Favorite team, it was faster to respond by pressing the key located on the stimulus side than the opposite key (ipsi- and contralateral keys, respectively). For Rival team, this pattern was reversed. These findings were interpreted as being due to approach and avoidance reactions which facilitate both the ipsilateral response to a positive stimulus and the contralateral response to a negative one and vice-versa. This hypothesis was challenged by arguing that there is no spatial compatibility effect when a mixed-rule task was used and that approach/avoidance reactions are not elicited when a keyboard was employed to execute the responses. Alternatively, it was proposed that Conde et al. (2011) results were due to task-set effects. Here, emotional faces (Happy, Angry and Fearful) faces were used to test the generality of effects elicited by affective stimuli and to disentangle task-set and approach/avoidance reactions hypotheses. We found that there is no task-set effect when the Happiness-Anger pair was used. Moreover, for the Happiness/Fear pair, there was an interaction between valence and spatial compatibility within a block of trials. These results suggest that: (i) the interaction between valence and spatial compatibility in the Affective SC task modulates the spatial compatibility effect; (ii) this modulation elicits a task-set effect that varies according to the pair of affective stimuli and (iv) the task-set effect may be due to an automatic orientation of the visual attention to the positive stimulus which facilitates the ipsilateral response conjoined with an inhibition of the ipsilateral response to the aversive stimulus, simulating a reversed compatibility effect to the negative stimulus.

FROM SOCCER TEAMS TO PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS: A NEW APPROACH TO UNDERSTAND AFFECTIVE RIVALRY

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luiz G Gawryszewski ◽  
Allan Pablo do Nascimento Lameira
Keyword(s):  
Compatibility Effect ◽  
Spatial Compatibility ◽  
Mapping Rule ◽  
Approach And Avoidance ◽  
Task Set ◽  
Mapping Rules ◽  
Affective Stimuli ◽  
Incompatible Response ◽  
Manual Responses ◽  
Avoidance Reactions

Conde et al (2011) reported a modulation of the spatial compatibility effect by the affective valence of soccer team figures. For Favorite team, it was faster to respond by pressing the key located on the stimulus side than the opposite key (ipsi- and contralateral keys, respectively). For Rival team, this pattern was reversed. These findings were interpreted as being due to approach and avoidance reactions which facilitate both the ipsilateral response to a positive stimulus and the contralateral response to a negative one and vice-versa. This hypothesis was challenged by arguing that there is no spatial compatibility effect when a mixed-rule task was used and that approach/avoidance reactions are not elicited when a keyboard was employed to execute the responses. Alternatively, it was proposed that Conde et al. (2011) results were due to task-set effects. Here, manual responses were selected according to the volunteer’s Preference for the candidates to Presidential election in Brazil. The names of the Favorite and Rival candidates were presented left or right to the center of a screen and the responses should be chosen according to two different mapping-rules. In Mapping-rule 1, the instruction was to press the key located on the same side of the Favorite stimulus (compatible response) and to press the opposite key for the Rival (incompatible response). In Mapping-rule 2, the instruction was reversed. The order of the mapping-rules was counterbalanced. It was found that the Mapping-rule 1 responses were faster than Mapping-rule 2 ones. This Mapping-rule (task-set) effect may be due to Approach and Avoidance reactions to Favorite and Rival candidates, respectively. These automatic reactions facilitate the compatible responses for the Favorite and incompatible ones for the Rival (Mapping 1) and delay the incompatible response for the Favorite and the compatible ones for the Rival (Mapping 2). A further analysis of the interaction between Preference and Compatibility showed that there is a compatibility effect for the Favorite but not for the Rival, indicating that a task-set effect due to the mapping-rules is not enough to explain the findings in this experiment. It is proposed an alternative hypothesis based on facilitatory and inhibitory effects of positive and negative affective stimuli.

scholarly journals Stimulus affective valence reverses spatial compatibility effect.

2011 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erick Francisco Quintas Conde ◽  
Fernanda Jazenko ◽  
Roberto Sena Fraga Filho ◽  
Daniella Harth da Costa ◽  
Nelson Torro-Alves ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Compatibility Effect ◽  
Spatial Compatibility ◽  
Affective Valence

scholarly journals Heightened stress responsivity and emotional reactivity during pubertal maturation: Implications for psychopathology

2009 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda Patia Spear
Keyword(s):  
Middle Childhood ◽  
Emotional Reactivity ◽  
Developmental Psychopathology ◽  
Special Section ◽  
Affective Processing ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Affective Valence ◽  
Affective Stimuli ◽  
Stress Responsivity ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThis commentary reviews and reflects on the studies of this special section: studies that collectively provide compelling evidence for meaningful changes in stress- and emotionally reactive psychophysiological systems with the transition from middle childhood into adolescence. The observed changes were complex and often overlaid upon ontogenetic differences in basal levels of activation of these systems. Maturational increases in responsiveness to stressors were stressor dependent and differentially expressed across autonomic and hormonal measures. Pubertal status increased the impact of some affective valence manipulations, although not significantly influencing others, including negative affect-related potentiation of startle/reflexes. Such ontogenetic increases in stressor and affect sensitivity may have implications for developmental psychopathology. Developmental increases in stressor reactivity may normally aid youth in responding adaptively to the challenges of adolescence, but may result in stress dysregulation among at-risk adolescents, increasing further their vulnerability for psychopathology. Pubertal-related increases in sensitivity to emotionally laden stimuli may exacerbate individual predispositions for exaggerated affective processing, perhaps contributing to the emergence of psychological disorders in these youth. Together, these studies, with their innovative use of autonomic, reflexive, and hormonal measures to index age- and pubertal-related changes in reactivity to stressors and affective stimuli, provide promising directions for future research. Some of these, along with a few cautionary notes, are outlined.

East is not right: Spatial compatibility differs between egocentric and cardinal retrieval

2018 ◽  
Vol 72 (5) ◽  
pp. 1250-1279 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qi Wang ◽  
Holly A Taylor ◽  
Tad T Brunyé
Keyword(s):  
Compatibility Effect ◽  
Spatial Information ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Spatial Knowledge ◽  
Spatial Compatibility ◽  
Real Environment ◽  
Mouse Cursor ◽  
Computer Mouse ◽  
Mouse Movements

Four experiments examined perceptuo-motor associations involved in spatial knowledge encoding and retrieval. Participants learned spatial information by studying a map or by navigating through a real environment and then verified spatial descriptions based on either egocentric or cardinal directional terms. Participants moved the computer mouse to a YES or NO button to verify each statement. We tracked mouse cursor trajectories to examine perceptuo-motor associations in spatial knowledge. An encoding hypothesis predicts that perceptuo-motor associations depend on the involvement of perceptions and actions during encoding, regardless of how spatial knowledge would be used. The retrieval hypothesis predicts that perceptuo-motor associations change as a function of retrieval demands, regardless of how they are learned. The results supported the retrieval hypothesis. Participants showed action compatibility effects with egocentric retrieval, regardless of how spatial information was learned. With well-developed spatial knowledge, a reliable compatibility effect emerged during egocentric retrieval, but no or limited compatibility effects emerged with cardinal retrieval. With less-developed knowledge, the compatibility effects evident during cardinal retrieval suggest a process of egocentric recoding. Other factors of environment learning, such as location proximity and orientation changes, also impacted the compatibility effect, as revealed in the temporal dynamics of mouse movements. Taken together, the results demonstrate that retrieval demands differentially rely upon perceptuo-motor associations in long-term spatial knowledge. This effect is also modulated by environment experience, proximity of learned locations, and experienced orientations.

Interpersonal Distance Regulation and Approach-Avoidance Reactions Are Altered in Psychopathy

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 211-225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robin Welsch ◽  
Christoph von Castell ◽  
Heiko Hecht
Keyword(s):  
Facial Expression ◽  
Psychopathic Traits ◽  
Social Cues ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Interpersonal Distance ◽  
Student Sample ◽  
Approach Avoidance ◽  
Distance Regulation ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Avoidance Reactions

In this study, we examined the impact of psychopathy on approach-avoidance reactions and interpersonal distance (IPD) in response to social cues. We selected a student sample and measured psychopathy via self-report. Participants were immersed in a virtual environment in which a virtual person displayed either angry or happy facial expressions. In the first experiment, participants had to walk toward the virtual person until a comfortable IPD had been reached. In the second experiment, participants had to push or pull a joystick in response to the facial expression of the virtual person. Our results suggest that psychopathy does not change average IPD but does impair its regulation. That is, the facial expression of the avatar no longer modulated IPD in participants with psychopathic traits to the extent that it did in participants with fewer psychopathic traits. The speed of the approach and avoidance reactions is altered in psychopathy when confronted with social cues.

The Color Red Supports Avoidance Reactions to Unhealthy Food

2015 ◽  
Vol 62 (5) ◽  
pp. 335-345 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michaela Rohr ◽  
Friederike Kamm ◽  
Joerg Koenigstorfer ◽  
Andrea Groeppel-Klein ◽  
Dirk Wentura
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Healthy Food ◽  
Avoidance Task ◽  
Unhealthy Food ◽  
Traffic Light ◽  
Behavioral Reactions ◽  
Food Items ◽  
Approach Avoidance ◽  
Task Irrelevant ◽  
Avoidance Reactions

Abstract. Empirical evidence suggests that the color red acts like an implicit avoidance cue in food contexts. Thus specific colors seem to guide the implicit evaluation of food items. We built upon this research by investigating the implicit meaning of color (red vs. green) in an approach-avoidance task with healthy and unhealthy food items. Thus, we examined the joint evaluative effects of color and food: Participants had to categorize food items by approach-avoidance reactions, according to their healthfulness. Items were surrounded by task-irrelevant red or green circles. We found that the implicit meaning of the traffic light colors influenced participants’ reactions to the food items. The color red (compared to green) facilitated automatic avoidance reactions to unhealthy foods. By contrast, approach behavior toward healthy food items was not moderated by color. Our findings suggest that traffic light colors can act as implicit cues that guide automatic behavioral reactions to food.

Sensitivity to expected negative outcomes during approach-avoidance conflict in a trans-diagnostic patient sample: a computational (active inference) modeling approach

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan Smith ◽  
Namik Kirlic ◽  
Jennifer L. Stewart ◽  
James Touthang ◽  
Rayus Kuplicki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Substance Use ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Active Inference ◽  
Negative Outcomes ◽  
Decision Uncertainty ◽  
Modeling Approach ◽  
Affective Stimuli ◽  
Approach Avoidance

Background: Sacrificing rewarding aspects of one’s life due to potential aversive outcomes is an important characteristic of multiple psychiatric disorders. Such decisions occur during approach-avoidance conflict (AAC), which has become the topic of a growing number of behavioral and neuroimaging studies. Here we describe a novel computational modeling approach to studying AAC.Methods: A previously-validated AAC task was completed by 479 participants including healthy controls (HCs), and individuals with depression, anxiety, and/or substance use disorders (SUDs), as part of the Tulsa 1000 study. An active inference model was utilized to identify parameters corresponding to the subjective aversiveness of affective stimuli (VNegative), the subjective value of points that could be won (VPoints), and decision uncertainty (β). We used correlational analyses to examine relationships to self-reported experiences during the task, analyses of variance to examine diagnostic group differences (depression/anxiety, substance use, HCs), and exploratory machine learning analyses to examine the contribution of dimensional clinical and neuropsychological measures.Results: Model parameters correlated with self-reported experience and reaction times during the task in expected directions. Relatve to HCs, both clinical groups showed higher VNegative values, and the SUD group exhibited less decision uncertainty (lower β values). Machine learning analyses highlighted several clinical domains (i.e., alcohol use, personality, working memory) potentially contributing to task parameters.Conclusions: Our results suggest that avoidance behavior in individuals with depression, anxiety, and SUDs may be driven by increased sensitivity to predicted negative outcomes and that insufficient decision uncertainty (overconfidence) may also further contribute to avoidance in substance use disorder.

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