scholarly journals Rumination and inhibition in task switching: Controlling for episodic retrieval

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
James A. Grange
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Measurement Error ◽  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Inhibitory Control ◽  
Task Switching ◽  
Multilevel Modelling ◽  
Focus Of Attention ◽  
Task Repetition ◽  
Episodic Retrieval ◽  
Interference Effects

Rumination is typically defined as the perseverative focus of attention on negative internal thoughts and feelings, which can increase the risk of developing—and severity once developed—of depression. It is thought the perseveration is caused by a deficit in inhibitory control in ruminators. Congruent with this hypothesis, estimates of inhibition in task switching—the n–2 task repetition cost—are negatively associated with estimates of rumination. However, estimates of individual differences of n–2 task repetition costs are hampered by (a) measurement error caused by trial-wise variation in performance, and (b) recent evidence suggesting much of the n–2 task repetition cost measures interference in episodic memory, not inhibition. The aim of the current study is to revisit the question of the association between the n–2 task repetition cost and measures of rumination by (a) statistically accounting for measurement error by estimating n–2 task repetition costs via trial-level Bayesian multilevel modelling, and (b) controlling for episodic interference effects on estimates of n–2 task repetition cost by utilising a paradigm capable of doing so. Together, these methodological and statistical improvements will provide a clearer estimate of the association between inhibition and rumination.

scholarly journals The effect of aging on inhibition in task switching: Controlling for episodic retrieval

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jim Grange ◽  
Agnieszka Kowalczyk
Keyword(s):  
Recent Work ◽  
Task Switching ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Task Repetition ◽  
Episodic Retrieval ◽  
Younger Adults ◽  
Related Difference ◽  
Inhibitory Deficit ◽  
Age Related

Inhibition in task switching is inferred from n–2 task repetition costs: responses areslower and less accurate to ABA task switching sequences than CBA sequences, thought to reflect the persisting inhibition of task A in an ABA sequence which hampers re-activation attempts. Despite the inhibitory deficit hypothesis of age-related decline in cognition, studies have found no consistent age-related difference in n–2 task repetition costs. Recent work has shown that extant measures of the n–2 task repetition cost are contaminated with episodic retrieval effects, which inflate estimates of inhibition. The current study revisited potential age-related differences in n–2 task repetition costs in a design that controls for episodic interference. We find equivalent n–2 task repetition costs in older and younger adults in response times, which provides converging evidence of no age-related decline of inhibition in task switching.

scholarly journals The effect of episodic retrieval on inhibition in task switching: a diffusion model analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 84 (7) ◽  
pp. 1965-1999
Author(s):  
Agnieszka W. Kowalczyk ◽  
James A. Grange
Keyword(s):  
Diffusion Model ◽  
Task Switching ◽  
Drift Rate ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Response Selection ◽  
Task Repetition ◽  
Episodic Retrieval ◽  
Processing Efficiency ◽  
Selection Processes ◽  
The Cost

Abstract Inhibition in task switching is inferred from $$n-2$$ n - 2 task repetition costs: slower response times and poorer accuracy for ABA task switching sequences compared to CBA sequences, thought to reflect the persisting inhibition of task A across an ABA sequence. Much work has examined the locus of this inhibition effect, with evidence that inhibition targets response selection processes. Consistent with this, fits of the diffusion model to $$n-2$$ n - 2 task repetition cost data have shown that the cost is reflected by lower estimates of drift rate, suggesting that inhibition impairs information processing efficiency during response selection. However, we have shown that the $$n-2$$ n - 2 task repetition cost is confounded with episodic retrieval effects which masquerade as inhibitory costs. The purpose of the current study was to conduct a comprehensive analysis of diffusion model fits to new data within a paradigm that controls for episodic interference. Across four experiments (total $$N = 191$$ N = 191 ), we find evidence that the reduction of drift rate for $$n-2$$ n - 2 task repetition costs is only evident under conditions of episodic interference, and the cost is absent when this interference is controlled for. In addition, we also find evidence that episodic retrieval influences task preparation processes and response caution. These findings provide important constraints for theories of task switching that suggest inhibition selectively targets response selection processes.

scholarly journals The effect of episodic retrieval on inhibition in task switching: A diffusion model analysis

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Kowalczyk ◽  
Jim Grange
Keyword(s):  
Diffusion Model ◽  
Task Switching ◽  
Drift Rate ◽  
Response Selection ◽  
Task Repetition ◽  
Episodic Retrieval ◽  
Processing Efficiency ◽  
Total N ◽  
Selection Processes ◽  
The Cost

Inhibition in task switching is inferred from n–2 task repetition costs: Slower response times and poorer accuracy for ABA task switching sequences compared to CBA sequences, thought to reflect the persisting inhibition of task A across an ABA sequence. Much work has examined the locus of this inhibition effect, with evidence that inhibition targets response-selection processes. Consistent with this, fits of the diffusion model to n–2 task repetition cost data have shown that the cost is reflected by lower estimates of drift rate, suggesting that inhibition impairs information processing efficiency during response selection. However, we have shown that the n–2 task repetition cost is confounded with episodic retrieval effects which masquerade as inhibitory costs. The purpose of the current study was to conduct a comprehensive analysis of diffusion model fits to new data within a paradigm that controls for episodic interference. Across 4 experiments (total N = 191) we find evidence that the reduction of drift rate for n–2 task repetition costs is only evident under conditions of episodic interference, and the cost is absent when this interference is controlled for. In addition, we also find evidence that episodic retrieval influences task preparation processes and response caution. These findings provide important constraints for theories of task switching that suggest inhibition selectively targets response selection processes

scholarly journals The effect of practice on inhibition in task switching: Controlling for episodic retrieval

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jim Grange ◽  
Paula Kedra ◽  
Alison Stephanie Walker
Keyword(s):  
Task Switching ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Practice Effects ◽  
Task Repetition ◽  
Episodic Retrieval ◽  
Cognitive Inhibition ◽  
Inhibitory Process ◽  
Extended Practice ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Clear Increase

Previous work has shown that extended practice leads to a reduction in a key measure of cognitive inhibition during task switching: The n–2 task repetition cost. However, it has been demonstrated that this n–2 task repetition cost is increased by a non-inhibitory process—namely episodic retrieval—raising the question of whether the observed reduction of the cost with practice is driven by a reduction in inhibition, episodic retrieval effects, or a combination of both. The current study addresses this question by utilising a practice protocol using a task switching paradigm capable of controlling for episodic retrieval. The results showed a reduction in the n–2 task repetition cost with extended practice. The results also showed a clear increase of the n–2 task repetition cost due to episodic retrieval effects. The reduction of the cost with practice was driven by a reduction in inhibition and episodic retrieval contributions to the cost with practice, although there was a larger reduction in the episodic retrieval contribution with practice. The results are discussed with reference to current theoretical models of inhibition in task switching, which need to accommodate episodic retrieval and practice effects.

scholarly journals The Effect of Episodic Retrieval on Inhibition in Task Switching

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
James A. Grange ◽  
Agnieszka W Kowalczyk ◽  
Rory O'Loughlin
Keyword(s):  
Task Switching ◽  
Episodic Retrieval

Going Their Separate Ways: Dissociation of Hippocampal and Dorsolateral Prefrontal Activation during Episodic Retrieval and Post-retrieval Processing

2010 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 513-525 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah L. Israel ◽  
Tyler M. Seibert ◽  
Michelle L. Black ◽  
James B. Brewer
Keyword(s):  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Memory Retrieval ◽  
Relative Increase ◽  
Network Activity ◽  
Default Network ◽  
Episodic Retrieval ◽  
Retrieval Task ◽  
Paired Associates ◽  
Hippocampal Activity ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal

Hippocampal activity is modulated during episodic memory retrieval. Most consistently, a relative increase in activity during confident retrieval is observed. Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) is also activated during retrieval, but may be more generally activated during cognitive-control processes. The “default network,” regions activated during rest or internally focused tasks, includes the hippocampus, but not DLPFC. Therefore, DLPFC and the hippocampus should diverge during difficult tasks suppressing the default network. It is unclear, however, whether a difficult episodic memory retrieval task would suppress the default network due to difficulty or activate it due to internally directed attention. We hypothesized that a task requiring episodic retrieval followed by rumination on the retrieved item would increase DLPFC activity, but paradoxically reduce hippocampal activity due to concomitant suppression of the default network. In the present study, blocked and event-related fMRI were used to examine hippocampal activity during episodic memory recollection and postretrieval processing of paired associates. Subjects were asked to make living/nonliving judgments about items visually presented (classify) or items retrieved from memory (recall–classify). Active and passive baselines were used to differentiate task-related activity from default-network activity. During the “recall–classify” task, anterior hippocampal activity was selectively reduced relative to “classify” and baseline tasks, and this activity was inversely correlated with DLPFC. Reaction time was positively correlated with DLPFC activation and default-network/hippocampal suppression. The findings demonstrate that frontal and hippocampal activity are dissociated during difficult episodic retrieval tasks and reveal important considerations for interpreting hippocampal activity associated with successful episodic retrieval.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document