scholarly journals Time-dependent taphonomic site loss leads to spatial averaging: implications for archaeological cultures

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily Coco ◽  
Radu Iovita
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Time Dependent ◽  
Multiple Spatial Scales ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Spatially Distributed ◽  
Dependent Site ◽  
Incomplete Datasets ◽  
Archaeological Cultures

Archaeologists typically define cultural areas on the basis of similarities between the types of material culture present in sites. The similarity is assessed in order of discovery, with newer sites being evaluated against older ones. Despite evidence for time-dependent site loss due to taphonomy, little attention has been paid to how this impacts archaeological interpretations about the spatial extents of material culture similarity. This paper tests the hypothesis that spatially incomplete datasets result in detection of larger regions of similarity. To avoid assumptions of cultural processes, we apply subsampling algorithms to a naturally occurring, spatially distributed dataset of soil types. We show that there is a negative relationship between the percentage of points used to evaluate similarity across space and the absolute distances to the first minimum in similarity for soil classifications at multiple spatial scales. This negative relationship indicates that incomplete spatial datasets lead to an overestimation of the area over which things are similar. Moreover, the location of the point from which the calculation begins can determine the size of the region of similarity. This has important implications for how we interpret the spatial extent of similarity in material culture over large distances in prehistory.

scholarly journals Time-dependent taphonomic site loss leads to spatial averaging: implications for archaeological cultures

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily Coco ◽  
Radu Iovita
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Spatial Data ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Time Dependent ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Spatially Distributed ◽  
Spatial Data Sets ◽  
Archaeological Cultures

Abstract Archaeologists typically define cultural areas on the basis of similarities between the types of material culture present in sites. The similarity is assessed in order of discovery, with newer sites being evaluated against older ones. Despite evidence for time-dependent site loss due to taphonomy, little attention has been paid to how this impacts archaeological interpretations about the spatial extents of material culture similarity. This paper tests the hypothesis that spatially incomplete data sets result in detection of larger regions of similarity. To avoid assumptions of cultural processes, we apply subsampling algorithms to a naturally occurring, spatially distributed dataset of soil types. We show that there is a negative relationship between the percentage of points used to evaluate similarity across space and the absolute distances to the first minimum in similarity for soil classifications at multiple spatial scales. This negative relationship indicates that incomplete spatial data sets lead to an overestimation of the area over which things are similar. Moreover, the location of the point from which the calculation begins can determine the size of the region of similarity. This has important implications for how we interpret the spatial extent of similarity in material culture over large distances in prehistory.

scholarly journals Spatially distributed representation of taste quality in the gustatory insular cortex of awake behaving mice

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ke Chen ◽  
Joshua F. Kogan ◽  
Alfredo Fontanini
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Organization ◽  
Spatial Clustering ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Piriform Cortex ◽  
Insular Cortex ◽  
Multiple Spatial Scales ◽  
Somatosensory Cortices ◽  
Conflicting Evidence ◽  
Sensory Features ◽  
Spatially Distributed

SUMMARYVisual, auditory and somatosensory cortices are topographically organized, with neurons responding to similar sensory features clustering in adjacent portions of the cortex. Such topography has not been observed in the piriform cortex, whose responses to odorants are sparsely distributed across the cortex. The spatial organization of taste responses in the gustatory insular cortex (GC) is currently debated, with conflicting evidence from anesthetized rodents pointing to alternative and mutually exclusive models. Here, we rely on calcium imaging to determine how taste and task-related variables are represented in the superficial layers of GC of alert, licking mice. Our data show that the various stimuli evoke sparse responses from a combination of broadly and narrowly tuned neurons. Analysis of the distribution of responses over multiple spatial scales demonstrates that taste representations are distributed across the cortex, with no sign of spatial clustering or topography. Altogether, data presented here support the idea that the representation of taste qualities in GC of alert mice is sparse and distributed, analogous to the representation of odorants in piriform cortex.

Inhibition of coral settlement at multiple spatial scales by a pervasive algal competitor

2019 ◽  
Vol 612 ◽  
pp. 29-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
NR Evensen ◽  
C Doropoulos ◽  
KM Morrow ◽  
CA Motti ◽  
PJ Mumby
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Coral Settlement ◽  
Multiple Spatial Scales

Assessment of clogging in constructed wetlands by saturated hydraulic conductivity measurements

2019 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
pp. 314-322 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Licciardello ◽  
R. Aiello ◽  
V. Alagna ◽  
M. Iovino ◽  
D. Ventura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sensitivity Analysis ◽  
Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Constructed Wetlands ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Laboratory Scale ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Conductivity Measurements ◽  
Multiple Spatial Scales ◽  
Ks Values

Abstract This study aims at defining a methodology to evaluate Ks reductions of gravel material constituting constructed wetland (CW) bed matrices. Several schemes and equations for the Lefranc's test were compared by using different gravel sizes and at multiple spatial scales. The falling-head test method was implemented by using two steel permeameters: one impervious (IMP) and one pervious (P) on one side. At laboratory scale, mean K values for a small size gravel (8–15 × 10−2 m) measured by the IMP and the P permeameters were equal to 19,466 m/d and 30,662 m/d, respectively. Mean Ks values for a big size gravel (10–25 × 10−2 m) measured by the IMP and the P permeameters were equal to 12,135 m/d and 20,866 m/d, respectively. Comparison of Ks values obtained by the two permeameters at laboratory scale as well as a sensitivity analysis and a calibration, lead to the modification of the standpipe equation, to evaluate also the temporal variation of the horizontal Ks. In particular, both permeameters allow the evaluation of the Ks decreasing after 4 years-operation and 1–1.5 years' operation of the plants at full scale (filled with the small size gravel) and at pilot scale (filled with the big size gravel), respectively.

scholarly journals FORMULATION OF THE HEAT CONDUCTION EQUATION FOR HETEROGENEOUS MEDIA WITH MULTIPLE SPATIAL SCALES USING REITERATED HOMOGENIZATION

2016 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 96
Author(s):  
E. Iglesias-Rodríguez ◽  
M. E. Cruz ◽  
J. Bravo-Castillero ◽  
R. Guinovart-Díaz ◽  
R. Rodríguez-Ramos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Conduction ◽  
Small Parameter ◽  
Heat Conduction Equation ◽  
Heterogeneous Media ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Conduction Equation ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Multiple Spatial Scales ◽  
Effective Coefficients ◽  
Reiterated Homogenization

Heterogeneous media with multiple spatial scales are finding increased importance in engineering. An example might be a large scale, otherwise homogeneous medium filled with dispersed small-scale particles that form aggregate structures at an intermediate scale. The objective in this paper is to formulate the strong-form Fourier heat conduction equation for such media using the method of reiterated homogenization. The phases are assumed to have a perfect thermal contact at the interface. The ratio of two successive length scales of the medium is a constant small parameter ε. The method is an up-scaling procedure that writes the temperature field as an asymptotic multiple-scale expansion in powers of the small parameter ε . The technique leads to two pairs of local and homogenized equations, linked by effective coefficients. In this manner the medium behavior at the smallest scales is seen to affect the macroscale behavior, which is the main interest in engineering. To facilitate the physical understanding of the formulation, an analytical solution is obtained for the heat conduction equation in a functionally graded material (FGM). The approach presented here may serve as a basis for future efforts to numerically compute effective properties of heterogeneous media with multiple spatial scales.

Length Variation in Age-0 Westslope Cutthroat Trout at Multiple Spatial Scales

2008 ◽  
Vol 28 (5) ◽  
pp. 1529-1540 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathleen E. McGrath ◽  
J. Michael Scott ◽  
Bruce E. Rieman
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Cutthroat Trout ◽  
Length Variation ◽  
Westslope Cutthroat Trout ◽  
Multiple Spatial Scales

Applying systematic conservation planning to improve the allocation of restoration actions at multiple spatial scales

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ben L. Gilby ◽  
Andrew D. Olds ◽  
Christopher J. Brown ◽  
Rod M. Connolly ◽  
Christopher J. Henderson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Conservation Planning ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Systematic Conservation Planning ◽  
Multiple Spatial Scales

Natural and anthropogenic factors as possible drivers of variability in rocky shore assemblages at multiple spatial scales

2021 ◽  
pp. 107577
Author(s):  
Ivan Monclaro Carneiro ◽  
Iacopo Bertocci ◽  
Paulo César de Paiva ◽  
Maria Teresa Menezes de Széchy
Keyword(s):  
Rocky Shore ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Anthropogenic Factors ◽  
Multiple Spatial Scales ◽  
Natural And Anthropogenic Factors
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