18. Changing Working Patterns and the Public-Private Mix in Old-age Security: The Example of Germany

Digitalization and technological advancement, referred to as the Fourth Industrial Revolution (Industry 4.0), results not only in technological innovation but also in the changes in society and public awareness. One such tendency is the demographic aging, which implicates two concerns: the instability of the public pension systems and the social awareness related with the risk of major reduction of benefits in contrast to the expectations and the need for the additional private pension security. The research has aimed to identify the opinions and attitudes of the students from Poland and Ukraine in respect to the broadly understood issues of the old age security, as well as to recognize the prospective differences in this field between the researched populations. The relevant research was conducted using the PAPI method in the years 2018–2019. Within the framework of the research, nine specific hypotheses were presented concerning the attitudes towards the selected aspects of the pension schemes and old-age security. The results were compiled in the form of the semantic differential, and the Mann-Whitney U test was utilized to verify the significance of the differences in the distribution of the answers given by the students. Those served as the basis for formulating the conclusions regarding similarities and differences in the opinions expressed by young people studied populations. AcknowledgmentThis project has been financed by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education within the “Regional Initiative of Excellence” Programme for 2019–2022. Project No. 021/RID/2018/19. Total project budget: PLN 11 897 131,40.

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Cost-effectiveness of the Family Planning Programme in Pakistan

The Pakistan Development Review ◽

10.30541/v33i4iipp.711-726 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 33 (4II) ◽

pp. 711-726 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Khaleda Manzoor

Keyword(s):

Family Planning ◽

Old Age ◽

Family Income ◽

High Rate ◽

Public Provision ◽

Family Planning Services ◽

The Public ◽

Old Age Security ◽

Economic Support ◽

Pertinent Question

Family Planning in the context of developing couotries particularly Pakistan can be classified as "public good" or "merit good". It is because that although family planning services are consumed by private individuals it is accompanied by significant external benefits/costs. This constitutes the reason on efficiency grouod for public provision of family planning services. There are equity grounds as well for public provision of these services. The public provision of family planning services is based on paternalistic argument that individual ought to consume them but are not acting in their own self-interest and are not ready to purchase them without substantial subsidisation. It may be one of the reasons for public provision of family planning, but, on normative grounds it is hard to justify the provision of merit good and still maintain the two basic premises of classical welfare economics: that individuals are rational and that individuals know their own interest best. In the context, of developing countries these arguments however, take a different dimension. First, in the absence of a democratic welfare state with high rate of unemployment, lack of unemployment insurance and social security, lack of old age security and pension a pertinent question to ask is: are individuals particularly from middle and lower income groups acting irrationally by demanding more children if children are perceived as a source of social and economic support in old age as well as being a source of additional family income.

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Modernization, Globalization, Trends, and Convergence in Health Expenditure in Latin America and the Caribbean

Sociology of Development ◽

10.1525/sod.2015.1.2.321 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 321-346 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Shiri Noy ◽

Patricia A. McManus

Keyword(s):

Health Care ◽

Latin America ◽

Health Care Systems ◽

Health Care Financing ◽

Health Spending ◽

Modernization Theory ◽

The Public ◽

National Differences ◽

Care Systems ◽

Public Private Mix

Are health care systems converging in developing nations? We use the case of health care financing in Latin America between 1995 and 2009 to assess the predictions of modernization theory, competing strands of globalization theory, and accounts of persistent cross-national differences. As predicted by modernization theory, we find convergence in overall health spending. The public share of health spending increased over this time period, with no convergence in the public-private mix. The findings indicate robust heterogeneity of national health care systems and suggest that globalization fosters human investment health policies rather than neoliberal, “race to the bottom” cutbacks in public health expenditures.

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