PEREMPUAN DAN GAYA HIDUP BARAT DI KOTA YOGYAKARTA PADA AWAL KEMERDEKAAN INDONESIA

The article came as the inheritance reconstruction of the colonial effect phenomenon in Yogyakarta after the declaration of independence. It is interesting to discuss how the people of Yogyakarta show an anti-Netherland attitude toward colonial heritage, which is interpreted widely as anticolonial and anti-Netherland, but accept western lifestyle in daily life. The spread of western lifestyles makes Yogyakarta women begin to reconstruct culture to look for a new identity in their life which is paradoxical with the mainstream attitude and behavior of Yogyakarta people at the beginning of Independence Day. The paper aims to explain the acceptance of women in Yogyakarta to western lifestyles in daily life amidst the strengthening of anti-western sentiment. This paper presents the historical study result using the historical method with the stage of heuristics, criticism, interpretation, and historiography. This study used modernization theory. Modernization has a significant influence on the easy access of women in Yogyakarta to keep up with the times. The study shows how western lifestyles grew and became a trend of women’s appearance in Yogyakarta at that time.

Turkey

This chapter argues that the supposed binary of a secular state and popular Islam is inadequate as a tool of analysis if we are to understand how religion has become a prominent category of both privilege and exclusion in Turkish society. Specifically, it contends that successive Turkish governments have privileged Sunni Islam as national identity. To build this argument, the chapter follows two parallel threads. The first analyses the ethnic and religious homogenization of the national body with a particular emphasis on violence against non-Muslim and non-Sunni groups. The second shows how, within the larger historical context of modernization theory, Cold War politics, and the post-9/11 promotion of moderate Islam, successive Turkish governments worked towards maintaining Sunni Muslim privilege while continuously expanding the category of enemies of the Turkish nation.

Transdisciplinary Status of the Ecological Modernization Theory and Its Role in the Development of Environmental Paradigm

The article examines the specificity of transdisciplinary orientations in modern scientific knowledge and reveals the multidimensionality of transdisciplinarity as a phenomenon of post-nonclassical science. Since transdisciplinarity is largely formed as a response to the challenge of increasing complexity and uncertainty of the future transformations in the “nature – man – society” system, the most appropriate area of transdisciplinary research today is environmental knowledge. In the example of the Ecological Modernization Theory (EMT), we investigate the interdisciplinary structure and transdisciplinary status of contemporary social ecology. The aim of the article is to analyze the various modes of transdisciplinarity in the structure of the ecological modernization theory and to identify its role in the dynamics of modern environmentalism. The epistemological status of EMT is explicated through philosophical and methodological reflection on the alternative discourses of sustainability as well as by using the principles of a systematic approach, methods of comparative analysis and semantic interpretation. The idea of sustainable development and the values of environmentalism are considered important factors in the formation of concepts and categories of this theory, its initial postulates and principles. The article substantiates the synthetic character of this theory, which meets the requirements of the post-non-classical type of scientific rationality. A conclusion is substantiated that EMT can be classified as a post-normal science. As a result of the analysis, it is argued that environmental philosophy has a special understanding of the goals of social development, principles of justice, social harmony, and human well-being. The reinterpretation of these concepts is a basis for adoption of novel theoretical schemes and methodological orientations in the system of modern socio-environmental studies.

Updating Social Theory: Redefinition of Modernization

The article considered a critical appraisal of the modernization theory in its mono-paradigm frames and offers a heterodox conceptual meaning of modernization. Obviously, the varieties of methodological ap- proaches to that important theoretical topic would have to be much more comprehensive than con- temporary interpretations of linear pattern mainstream theories propose. Rethinking the conceptual foun- dations of the existing interpretation of the very concept is the model of adaptive modernization. Protect- ing its own matrix core, the system carries out partial correction of specific parameters, in which there is a lag, to increase their own vitality. Constructive changes are intra-systemic and occur within the existing order, without destroying its foundations, main institutional structures, and preserve the generic socio- cultural genotype Modernization, as reception of foreign cultural innovations (technical and technological) with their appropriate adaptation to the endogenous conditions, is an adequate adaptive response of a so- cial system to external risks or exogenous origin impact.

The life and work of a South African economist: Desmond Hobart Houghton, 1906-76

For forty or so years, from the 1930s to the mid-1970s, Desmond Hobart Houghton was one of South Africa’s most prominent economists, based throughout his academic career at Rhodes University. He belonged to the liberal school of economists who believed in the free market and modernization theory, being particularly influenced by W. Rostow’s stages of growth model which he applied to South Africa. The rural economy, migrant labor and regional development, with a particular focus on the Eastern Cape, were his major research interests. He authored a standard text on the South African economy. This article charts his career and thinking.

The Electoral Crisis of Social Democracy: Postindustrial Dilemmas or Neoliberal Contamination?

The crisis of social democracy has been the subject of numerous articles and books from different fields such as party politics, political sociology, and political economy. This article contrasts two competing explanations prevalent in the related literature. According to the postindustrial dilemmas hypothesis, the crisis of social democracy is the inevitable result of the transition from industrial to postindustrial society and the electoral trade-offs social democrats are facing as a consequence. The neoliberal contamination hypothesis instead emphasizes social democracy’s neoliberal turn and the resulting loss of trust in social democracy, especially among working-class voters. It is argued that both hypotheses are not only based on diverging conceptions of partisan politics, pitting Downs against Gramsci, but also on different theories of capitalist development (modernization theory vs Polanyian “double movement”). As a result, each explanation captures important aspects of the current crisis of social democracy but also misses other aspects that are essential to fully understand this phenomenon.

Technocratic internationalism

This chapter is dedicated to the guiding concept of the book and its grounding in social theory. Technocratic internationalism, it is suggested, should be understood with the help of modernization theory, in general, and Max Weber’s account of the expert bureaucracy, in particular. Weber’s theory of universal rationalization is associated with the advance of explicit rules, formal procedure, technical expertise, and disciplined communication in governing modern societies. These elements come together in Weber’s concept of the modern expert bureaucracy that is technically superior to pre-modern forms of public administration. The historical evidence shows that Weber feared bureaucratic modernization, because it eroded individual liberty and creativity. These internal tensions and ambiguities of technocratic modernity are a recurring theme in this book. The second part of the chapter explores the construction of an intellectual tradition. It clarifies how technocratic internationalism is a concept introduced ex post for analytical purposes: a heuristic tool that renders a strand of international theory visible, simply by giving it a name and suggesting that writings from different historical periods have enough traits in common to form such a tradition. The chapter also elaborates on the selection of authors and writings included in this volume.