Proposed Level-of-Service Methodology for Toll Plazas

2002 ◽  
Vol 1802 (1) ◽  
pp. 86-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack Klodzinski ◽  
Haitham M. Al-Deek
Keyword(s):  
Simulation Model ◽  
Service Time ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Level Of Service ◽  
Highway Capacity ◽  
Highway Capacity Manual ◽  
Toll Plazas ◽  
Data Analyses ◽  
Toll Collection ◽  
Toll Plaza

A proposed macroscopic methodology for measuring the level of service (LOS) of toll plazas has been developed using delay as the measure of effectiveness (MOE). On the basis of field research and data analyses, the 85th percentile of the cumulative individual vehicular delay was found to be the most comprehensive measure for evaluating the LOS at a toll plaza. Other MOEs were examined but found to be less flexible with different plaza configurations and lane payment types. More than 55,000 individual vehicular records from three mainline toll plazas in Orlando, Florida, representing eight different plaza configurations with varied percentages of electronic toll collection (ETC) usage were used to validate the methodology. TPSIM, a toll plaza simulation model, was used to produce an additional 49 scenarios representing the three plazas with varied percentages of ETC usage and 21 additional plaza configurations. Service time was examined to determine the level at which a driver begins to feel discomfort and inconvenience at a toll plaza. An LOS hierarchy was established based on the conclusions of this analysis, feedback from professionals, and reference to the Highway Capacity Manual (HCM) 2000. The 85th delay percentile graphs from each of the plaza analysis results for LOS values were also observed to be similar.

scholarly journals Modelling and optimizing of electronic toll collection (ETC) at Malaysian toll plazas using microsimulation models

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 2304 ◽  
Author(s):  
A E. Jehad ◽  
A Ismail ◽  
M N. Borhan ◽  
S Z. Ishak
Keyword(s):  
Simulation Model ◽  
Level Of Service ◽  
Traffic Conditions ◽  
Safety Aspects ◽  
Toll Plazas ◽  
Toll Collection ◽  
Toll Plaza ◽  
Critical Components ◽  
Roadway Design ◽  
Microsimulation Models

Toll plazas are one of the critical components of a roadway system. At the same time, they are among the most complex road structures, as drivers are exposed to a large amount of information and have a short amount of time to make a decision to avoid any collision. VISSIM and SSAM are used to investigate the effect of various Malaysian toll plazas design and traffic conditions on drivers’ behaviour and level of safety. The study was made a well-calibrated and validated VISSIM simulation model and several scenarios were simulated to test their efficacy for improving toll plaza safety aspects by using SSAM afterwards. From the results it was observed that the VISSIM simulation model scenarios such as implementing booths orientation and segregating lanes for different vehicle types to improve the level of service have significant safety aspects improvement regarding conflict points and lane change accidents results while using Surrogate Safety As-sessment Model (SSAM) in order to give the need for remediation of either the roadway design or the flow-control strategy.  

scholarly journals Allocation Criteria for Increasing Electronic Toll Collection Gates on Freeways Determined Using Simulation Analysis

2016 ◽  
pp. 1541-1553
Author(s):  
Pin-Yi Tseng ◽  
Chiung-Wen Chang ◽  
Chi-Hung Wu ◽  
Wan-Hui Chen ◽  
Sheng-Hsiung Chang
Keyword(s):  
Simulation Model ◽  
Simulation Analysis ◽  
Passenger Cars ◽  
Electronic Toll Collection ◽  
Toll Plazas ◽  
Allocation Criteria ◽  
Toll Collection ◽  
Toll Plaza

In Taiwan, the electronic toll collection (ETC) system for freeway toll plazas that commenced operation in February 2006 will operate on all freeways by 2014. When the ETC system was first implemented, each toll plaza was allocated 1 small-vehicle ETC gate and 1 large-vehicle ETC gate. Determining how to allot the gates to ETC and manual toll collection when the number of ETC vehicles increases is crucial. By conducting a simulation using the toll plaza simulation model, the authors observed that 1 ETC gate for passenger cars had to be added to the small toll plaza when the traffic exceeded 1,450 vehicles/hr/gate. The medium and large toll plazas required 1 more ETC gate for passenger cars when the traffic exceeded 1,600 vehicles/hr/gate, whereas 1 non-ETC gate for passenger cars could be removed.

Simulation modeling of toll plaza operation at the main direction of the intraurban toll road

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 66-77
Author(s):  
A. Talavirya ◽  
◽  
M. Laskin ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Simulation Model ◽  
Service Time ◽  
Time Distribution ◽  
User Behavior ◽  
Throughput Capacity ◽  
Service Time Distribution ◽  
Collection System ◽  
Toll Road ◽  
Toll Collection ◽  
Toll Plaza

A large number of toll road projects with a barrier toll collection system are currently being implemented in Russia. Therefore, it seems relevant to study the toll plaza as an element of the transport infrastructure. Insuffi cient attention to the issues of assessing current and predicted intensity on TPscan cause regular traffi c congestions on toll roads. The goal of this study is to build a simulation model that allows to evaluate the capacity of the toll collection point during the operation of the toll road at different traffi c fl ow rates, taking into account the ratio of different types of vehicles and user behavior errors. Visual observation materials are used, the research method is discrete-event simulation of PVP using AnyLogic software, processing of the results is performed in the statistical package R. The toll point (TP) the Western High-Speed Diameter toll road in St. Petersburg, Russia was considered as a case for the study.As a result was build simulation model of TP was developed, taking into account the traffi c specifi cs and user behavior errors. Conducted experiments established the peak traffi c intensities, when traffi c congestion begins to form at the TP, with different ratios of electronic toll collection usage. During the analysis, few cases of service time distribution were considered — from low to high traffi c intensities. Main conclusions of the study: -for the low intensity case, the results of the analysis showed the splitting of the total distribution of the service time into two distributions for different operating modes of toll lanes, — for high intensity, the infl uence of user behavior on service time distribution was revealed, — for each case, the parameters of the gamma laws of service time distribution were determined, — in case of insuffi cient throughput capacity, the TP stops working effi ciently, and service time distribution increases, regardless of the type of payment. Estimated peak hours of TP operation, when there is a potential for congestion at the TP were defi ned. Possible ways of further increase thetoll collection system throughput capacity for the TP were indicated.

Allocation Criteria for Increasing Electronic Toll Collection Gates on Freeways Determined Using Simulation Analysis

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-38
Author(s):  
Pin-Yi Tseng ◽  
Chiung-Wen Chang ◽  
Chi-Hung Wu ◽  
Wan-Hui Chen ◽  
Sheng-Hsiung Chang
Keyword(s):  
Simulation Model ◽  
Simulation Analysis ◽  
Passenger Cars ◽  
Electronic Toll Collection ◽  
Toll Plazas ◽  
Allocation Criteria ◽  
Toll Collection ◽  
Toll Plaza

In Taiwan, the electronic toll collection (ETC) system for freeway toll plazas that commenced operation in February 2006 will operate on all freeways by 2014. When the ETC system was first implemented, each toll plaza was allocated 1 small-vehicle ETC gate and 1 large-vehicle ETC gate. Determining how to allot the gates to ETC and manual toll collection when the number of ETC vehicles increases is crucial. By conducting a simulation using the toll plaza simulation model, the authors observed that 1 ETC gate for passenger cars had to be added to the small toll plaza when the traffic exceeded 1,450 vehicles/hr/gate. The medium and large toll plazas required 1 more ETC gate for passenger cars when the traffic exceeded 1,600 vehicles/hr/gate, whereas 1 non-ETC gate for passenger cars could be removed.

Uncertainty in Operational Analysis of Two-Lane Highways

2002 ◽  
Vol 1802 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Tapio Luttinen
Keyword(s):  
Input Data ◽  
Travel Speed ◽  
Level Of Service ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Highway Capacity ◽  
Highway Capacity Manual ◽  
Operational Analysis ◽  
Percent Time ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Percent Time Spent Following

The Highway Capacity Manual (HCM) 2000 provides methods to estimate performance measures and the level of service for different types of traffic facilities. Because neither the input data nor the model parameters are totally accurate, there is an element of uncertainty in the results. An analytical method was used to estimate the uncertainty in the service measures of two-lane highways. The input data and the model parameters were considered as random variables. The propagation of error through the arithmetic operations in the HCM 2000 methodology was estimated. Finally, the uncertainty in the average travel speed and percent time spent following was analyzed, and four approaches were considered to deal with uncertainty in the level of service.

Comparison of Planning and Operational Analysis Procedures for Signalized Intersections from the Highway Capacity Manual

1996 ◽  
Vol 1555 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-64
Author(s):  
Mark R. Virkler ◽  
Shashi Gannavaram ◽  
Anand Ramabhadran
Keyword(s):  
Level Of Service ◽  
Signal Timing ◽  
Highway Capacity ◽  
Operational Procedure ◽  
Highway Capacity Manual ◽  
Operational Analysis ◽  
Planning Procedure ◽  
Adjustment Factors ◽  
Cycle Lengths ◽  
Traffic Signal Timing

The 1994 update of the Highway Capacity Manual (HCM) includes a planning procedure to estimate the capacity condition of a signalized intersection (Xcm). The planning method results can also be extended to a planning application of the more data-intensive HCM operational procedure to estimate intersection critical flow-to-capacity ratio (Xc) and level of service with only planning-level data. Both the planning procedure and the planning application of the operational procedure involve default adjustment factors and synthesized traffic signal timing (called the “default signal timing”). Data from 166 Missouri intersections were used to determine how well the planning approaches predict operational analysis results. In general, the default signal timings had shorter cycle lengths than the timing plans used at pretimed signals. The shorter cycle lengths led to slightly higher flow-to-capacity ratios, since a higher proportion of each cycle was devoted to lost time. The default signal timings also had more equal flow-to-capacity ratios within critical lane groups. The shorter cycle lengths and more equal flow-to-capacity ratios led to a predicted level of service that was the same or better than that calculated for actual conditions. For the subject intersections, locally calibrated default adjustment factors yielded better predictions of flow-to-capacity ratios and level of service than the HCM defaults. The planning value for Xcm was often less than the actual Xc for operational analysis of actual conditions. This was to be expected since Xcm is based on the maximum allowable cycle length. The HCM planning procedure is expected to receive wide use in a variety of planning and design applications. Calibration of appropriate local default values should improve the accuracy of the planning procedure results.

scholarly journals A Novel Methodology for Estimating the Capacity and Level of Service for the New Mega Elliptical Roundabout Intersection

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed I. Z. Mohamed ◽  
Yusheng Ci ◽  
Yiqiu Tan
Keyword(s):  
Geometric Design ◽  
Level Of Service ◽  
Highway Capacity ◽  
Operation Performance ◽  
Highway Capacity Manual ◽  
Federal Highway ◽  
Green Book ◽  
Traffic Operation ◽  
Gap Acceptance Theory ◽  
Better Than

Mega elliptical roundabout is a new intersection on rural multilane highways. This intersection was developed in a previous paper using simulation data, and the authors found that it is better than interchange (full cloverleaf) in most scenarios of traffic flow. Basically, there are no guidelines or procedures for designing mega elliptical roundabout in AASHTO Green Book, Federal Highway Administration guides, and Highway Capacity Manual. Thus, the purpose of this study is to analyze the traffic operation performance and propose a methodology for calculating the capacity of mega elliptical roundabout and also the level of service by gap acceptance theory. Moreover, this research studied the influence of different values of truck ratios and also different values of a major highway speed on geometric design and traffic operation performance for mega elliptical roundabout. To validate the thoroughness of the proposed methodology, VISSIM simulations were conducted. This research will assist practitioners in determining the appropriate geometric design, assessing mega elliptical roundabout intersections, and making comparisons with other alternatives.

scholarly journals Vehicle and Pedestrian Level of Service in Street Designs with Elements of Shared Space

2020 ◽  
Vol 2674 (9) ◽  
pp. 1084-1096
Author(s):  
Ioannis Kaparias ◽  
Rui Wang
Keyword(s):  
Video Data ◽  
Road User ◽  
Level Of Service ◽  
Highway Capacity ◽  
Vehicle Traffic ◽  
Highway Capacity Manual ◽  
Shared Space ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Traffic Volumes

Inspired by developments in urban planning, the concept of “shared space” has recently emerged as a way of creating a better public realm. This is achieved through a range of streetscape treatments aimed at asserting the function of streets as places by facilitating pedestrian movement and lowering vehicle traffic volumes and speeds. The characteristics of streets with elements of shared space point to the conjecture that traffic conditions and road user perceptions may be different to those on streets designed according to more conventional principles, and this is likely to have an impact on the quality of service. The aim of this paper is, therefore, to perform an analysis in relation to level of service (LOS) and to investigate how this may change as a result of the implementation of street layouts with elements of shared space. Using video data from the Exhibition Road site in London during periods before and after its conversion from a conventional dual carriageway to a layout featuring several elements of shared space, changes in relation to LOS for both vehicle traffic and pedestrians are investigated, by applying the corresponding methods from the 2010 Highway Capacity Manual. The results suggest that streets with elements of shared space provide a much improved pedestrian experience, as expressed by higher LOS ratings, but without compromising the quality of vehicle traffic flow, which, in fact, also sees slight improvements.

Unsignalized Intersection Analysis: Effect of Overlapping Conflicting Traffic Flow on Minor Movement Potential Capacity

1997 ◽  
Vol 1572 (1) ◽  
pp. 86-98
Author(s):  
Christopher J. Fasching
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Flow ◽  
Level Of Service ◽  
Traffic Flows ◽  
Highway Capacity ◽  
Highway Capacity Manual ◽  
Capacity Estimate ◽  
Potential Capacity ◽  
Count Distribution ◽  
Intersection Analysis ◽  
Poisson Count

A particular component of two-way stop unsignalized intersection analyses as presented in the 1994 Highway Capacity Manual (HCM) is described. Specifically, advantages to minor movement capacity are evaluated where traffic flows overlap in multiple lanes. From vehicular arrival data collected by the author, it was determined that the current HCM can significantly underestimate the true potential capacity of minor movements that face multiple lanes of free-flow conflicting traffic. A modification to the HCM procedure is introduced in which an “effective” conflicting flow is calculated on the basis of “blockage” caused by individual lanes of traffic, assuming a Poisson count distribution. In every case examined (24 total), a more accurate potential capacity estimate resulted relative to that determined by the HCM procedure. The modification also resulted in a more accurate level of service in 8 of the 24 cases.

Optimizing and Modeling Tollway Operations Using Microsimulation: Case Study Sanand Toll Plaza, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India

2017 ◽  
Vol 2615 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manraj Singh Bains ◽  
Shriniwas S. Arkatkar ◽  
K. S. Anbumani ◽  
Siva Subramaniam
Keyword(s):  
Simulation Model ◽  
Application Programming Interface ◽  
Level Of Service ◽  
Component Object ◽  
Application Programming ◽  
Toll Plaza ◽  
Lane Utilization ◽  
Dynamic Route ◽  
Programming Interface

This study aimed to develop a microsimulation model for optimizing toll plaza operations in relation to operational cost and level of service for users. A well-calibrated and validated simulation model was developed in PTV Vissim, and several scenarios were simulated to test their efficacy at improving toll plaza operations. Data collected included classified entry traffic volume at the toll plaza, service time for different payment categories, percentage of lane utilization, and travel time while crossing the toll plaza. For modeling lane selection for vehicles, the PTV Vissim component object model application programming interface—which enables dynamic route choice—was used. From the results it was observed that the simulation model accurately represented the current operations at the toll plaza. Scenarios, such as implementing a number plate recognition technology and segregating lanes for different vehicle types to improve the level of service, were evaluated with the simulation model.

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