Vehicle Type Classification using Hybrid Features and a Deep Neural Network

Currently, considerable research has been done in vehicle type classification, especially due to the success of deep learning in many image classification problems. In this research, a system incorporating hybrid features is proposed to improve the performance of vehicle type classification. The feature vectors are extracted from the pre-processed images using Gabor features, a histogram of oriented gradients and a local optimal oriented pattern. The hybrid set of features contains complementary information that could help discriminate between the classes better, further, an ant colony optimizer is utilized to reduce the dimension of the extracted feature vectors. Finally, a deep neural network is used to classify the types of vehicles in the images. The proposed approach was tested on the MIO vision traffic camera dataset and another more challenging real-world dataset consisting of videos of multiple lanes of a toll plaza. The proposed model showed an improvement in accuracy ranging from 0.28% to 8.68% in the MIO TCD dataset when compared to well-known neural network architectures.

Method for Rationalising the Operational Process of a Manual Motorway Toll Collection System

The article presents the verification of a developed method of rationalising the process of the operation of a manual toll collection (MTC) system on the basis of current operation tests. The review of the state of art and research on the operation of the manual toll collection system prompted the authors to develop their own method of rationalising the operation process of the manual toll collection system. The method enabled the development of an original application facilitating the process of manual toll collection system. The application makes it possible to determine the key indicator—the readiness index for the employed operation strategy of the analysed toll collection station and the readiness index for the employed operation strategy of the analysed group of toll collection stations. Additionally, the application enables an analysis of the capacity and the service assessment by motorway users. The use of the software system together with the developed method was implemented on a real toll plaza. This action allowed for the analysis and implementation of an adequate MTC service strategy. The results of the research and analysis are presented in the summary and conclusions.

Simulation-Based Optimization for the Operation of Toll Plaza at Car Park Exit with Mixed Types of Tollbooths and Waiting-Time-Dependent Service

This study presents an approach of simulation-based optimization to the operation of the toll plaza at the car park exit. We first propose a simulation model, as the representation of the queueing system for the toll plaza with mixed-type customers and servers where the service time is dependent on the waiting time of customer. Then, a simulation-based integer programming model is developed to design more traffic-efficient yet cost-effective operation schemes. It is decomposed by a rolling horizon approach into subproblems which are all solved via the Kriging metamodel algorithm. A numerical example is presented to illustrate the model and offer insight on how to achieve traffic efficiency and cost-effectiveness.

Enhancement of Toll Plaza System With Smart Features

This chapter aims to solve the problem of heavy traffic caused due to a long queue near the toll plaza. The authors design the website with the motive that it will save the maximum time of the public, reducing the problem of heavy traffic. Moreover, the website maintains the entire database containing the details of the staff, pass, receipts, vehicle details, etc., which will reduce any problem in the future. Since they are also aware of the fact that in many villages in India, there are not even proper toll booths to pay taxes, and people are doing it manually, which can result in data loss and even is time-consuming. So, keeping this mind, they aim to design the website that is simple to use such that every people working in toll booth can get habituated to it easily. They also aim to make this website fully secure such that data can be protected and citizens are comfortable providing their details to create their pass and generate receipts. The main feature is that users can also generate receipt for themselves from anywhere through website to avoid waste of time at toll.