Vehicle Activity–Based Procedure for Estimating Emissions of Heavy-Duty Vehicles

2003 ◽  
Vol 1842 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Herbert Weinblatt ◽  
Robert G. Dulla ◽  
Nigel N. Clark
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Correction Factors ◽  
Heavy Duty ◽  
Protection Agency ◽  
Activity Data ◽  
Initial Implementation ◽  
Vehicle Activity ◽  
Validation Tests ◽  
The U.S ◽  
Heavy Duty Vehicles

A new procedure for estimating the emissions of heavy-duty vehicles (HDVs) is presented. This procedure combines second-by-second data on actual in-use speed and acceleration of HDVs with data on average emissions rates of HDVs operating at corresponding speeds and acceleration rates. The initial implementation of this procedure used a limited amount of newly collected emissions data and a somewhat larger amount of previously collected HDV activity data. Validation tests provide a reasonable level of confidence about the validity of the nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions factors produced using this initial implementation. However, these tests also indicate that the small amount of emissions data used in the initial implementation is insufficient to produce meaningful estimates of emissions factors for carbon monoxide or particulate matter. The research, the procedure that was developed, the validation tests, the results for NOx emissions, and NOx speed correction factors derived from these results are briefly described. The speed correction factors are of particular interest. The minimum values for these factors occur at speeds higher than those currently used by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and the factors grow more slowly at higher speeds than do the factors generated by MOBILE.

scholarly journals Benefits of Electrified Powertrains in Medium- and Heavy-Duty Vehicles

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 12
Author(s):  
Ram Vijayagopal ◽  
Aymeric Rousseau
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Fuel Saving ◽  
Heavy Duty ◽  
Protection Agency ◽  
Light Duty ◽  
Design Choice ◽  
The Us ◽  
Light Duty Vehicles ◽  
Heavy Duty Vehicles

The benefits of electrified powertrains for light-duty vehicles are well understood, however sufficient published information is not available on the benefits of advanced powertrains on the various types of medium and heavy duty vehicles. Quantifying the benefits of powertrain electrification will help fleet operators understand the advantages or limitations in adopting electrified powertrains in their truck fleets. Trucks vary in size and shape, as they are designed for specific applications. It is necessary to model each kind of truck separately to understand what kind of powertrain architecture will be feasible for their daily operations. This paper examines 11 types of vehicles and 5 powertrain technology choices to quantify the fuel saving potential of each design choice. This study uses the regulatory cycles proposed by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for measuring fuel consumption.

scholarly journals Potential Chemicals from Plastic Wastes

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (11) ◽  
pp. 3175
Author(s):  
Ravindra Prajapati ◽  
Kirtika Kohli ◽  
Samir K. Maity ◽  
Brajendra K. Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Plastic Waste ◽  
Chemical Production ◽  
Protection Agency ◽  
Medical Apparatus ◽  
Plastic Materials ◽  
Future System ◽  
Plastic Wastes ◽  
The U.S

Plastic is referred to as a “material of every application”. From the packaging and automotive industries to the medical apparatus and computer electronics sectors, plastic materials are fulfilling demands efficiently. These plastics usually end up in landfills and incinerators, creating plastic waste pollution. According to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), in 2015, 9.1% of the plastic materials generated in the U.S. municipal solid waste stream was recycled, 15.5% was combusted for energy, and 75.4% was sent to landfills. If we can produce high-value chemicals from plastic wastes, a range of various product portfolios can be created. This will help to transform chemical industries, especially the petrochemical and plastic sectors. In turn, we can manage plastic waste pollution, reduce the consumption of virgin petroleum, and protect human health and the environment. This review provides a description of chemicals that can be produced from different plastic wastes and the research challenges involved in plastic waste to chemical production. This review also provides a brief overview of the state-of-the-art processes to help future system designers in the plastic waste to chemicals area.

REGULATING RISK: OVERSIGHT OF MICROBIAL PRODUCTS OF BIOTECHNOLOGY UNDER THE U.S. TOXIC SUBSTANCES CONTROL ACT

1999 ◽  
Vol 01 (03) ◽  
pp. 329-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
REBECCA A. EFROYMSON
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Genetically Engineered ◽  
Institutional Constraints ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Protection Agency ◽  
Microbial Products ◽  
Toxic Substances Control Act ◽  
Risk Oversight ◽  
The U.S

The Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) is the legislation used by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to regulate releases of genetically engineered microorganisms. The rule defining the scope of the notification requirements for releases of microbial products of biotechnology was published in April 1997. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) had some latitude regarding the extent to which various categories of microorganisms would be regulated, but the agency was constrained by requirements of TSCA and an interagency agreement about how to regulate products of biotechnology. This paper investigates the extent to which the scope of oversight is based on risk. A risk-based rule is defined as one where the reporting requirements are based on potential for exposure or expected adverse effects. The evolution of the rule is described, and risk-based components are discussed. In conclusion, the scope of oversight of microbial releases is determined to be based on risk to the extent that legislation and institutional constraints permit.

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