scholarly journals ANÁLISE TEMPORAL DA OCORRÊNCIA DE INCÊNDIOS FLORESTAIS NAS AMÉRICAS E REGIÃO DO CARIBE

Nativa ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 491
Author(s):  
Elaine Cristina Gomes Silva ◽  
Nilton Cesar Fiedler ◽  
Ronie Silva Juvanhol ◽  
Gabriel Mancini Antunes Silva ◽  
Felipe Patricio Neves
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Forest Fires ◽  
El Niño ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
El Nino ◽  
The United States ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
The United Nations

Com as mudanças climáticas ocorridas nas últimas décadas e com longos períodos de estiagem, as chances de ocorrências de fogo com maior frequência e intensidade, aumentam e, sem o devido controle, acabam ocasionando grandes incêndios florestais. Como consequência, pode haver elevados prejuízos ao meio ambiente e à sociedade. Sabendo da importância das estatísticas sobre incêndios florestais, objetivou-se nesta pesquisa, analisar dados estatísticos publicados pela Food and Agriculture Organizacion of the United Nations – FAO, sobre as principais causas, ocorrências e áreas queimadas nas Américas do Norte, Central, Sul e Região do Caribe, no período de 1990 a 2004. Os dados foram tabulados de diferentes maneiras, a fim de produzir uma estatística única, de acordo com a série temporal proposta. Os países da América Central e Caribe são os que menos apresentaram dados disponíveis enquanto que, os Estados Unidos é o que apresenta maior base de dados estatísticos. Os resultados mostraram que a América do Sul tem as maiores médias, em comparação com as demais regiões, os Estados Unidos têm o maior quantitativo de ocorrências, existe forte influência de fenômenos como El Ninõ e que as atividades humanas foram responsáveis pela grande maioria das ocorrências de incêndios florestais.Palavras-chave: proteção florestal, fogo, estiagem. TEMPORAL ANALYSIS OF THE OCCURRENCE OF FOREST FIRES IN THE AMERICAS AND THE CARIBBEAN REGION ABSTRACT:With the climatic changes that occurred in the last decades and with long periods of drought, the chances of occurrences of fire with more frequency and intensity, increase and, without proper control, end up causing forest fires. As a consequence, there can be great damage to the environment and to society. The objective of this research was to analyze statistical data published by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) on the main causes, occurrences and areas burned in North, Central, South and Central America of the Caribbean, from 1990 to 2004. Data were tabulated in different ways to produce a single statistic, according to the proposed time series. Central American and Caribbean countries are the least likely to have available data, while the United States has the largest statistical data base. The results showed that South America has the highest averages compared to the other regions, the United States has the highest number of occurrences, there is a strong influence of phenomena such as El Nino and that human activities were responsible for the great majority of forest fires.Keywords: forest protection, fire, drought.

The 1980s to the Present

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory A. Barton
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Organic Farming ◽  
The United States ◽  
Global Market ◽  
Health Food ◽  
Organic Certification ◽  
Organic Farmers ◽  
The United Nations ◽  
Mainstream Press

While a few positive stories on organic farming appeared in the 1970s most mainstream press coverage mocked or dismissed organic farmers and consumers. Nevertheless, the growing army of consumer shoppers at health food stores in the United States made the movement impossible to ignore. The Washington Post and other newspapers shifted from negative caricatures of organic farming to a supportive position, particularly after the USDA launched an organic certification scheme in the United States under the leadership of Robert Bergland. Certification schemes in Europe and other major markets followed, leading to initiatives by the United Nations for the harmonization of organic certification through multilateral agencies. As organic standards proliferated in the 1990s the United Nations stepped in to resolve the regulatory fragmentation creating a global market for organic goods.

scholarly journals Introduction: International Institutions and Peaceful Change

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 457-459
Author(s):  
Kai He ◽  
T. V. Paul ◽  
Anders Wivel
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United Nations ◽  
International Institutions ◽  
Arms Control ◽  
The United States ◽  
Nuclear Forces ◽  
Trade Disputes ◽  
Investment Bank ◽  
Appellate Body ◽  
The United Nations

The rise of “the rest,” especially China, has triggered an inevitable transformation of the so-called liberal international order. Rising powers have started to both challenge and push for the reform of existing multilateral institutions, such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and to create new ones, such as the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB). The United States under the Trump administration, on the other hand, has retreated from the international institutions that the country once led or helped to create, including the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP); the Paris Agreement; the Iran nuclear deal; the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty; the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO); and the United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC). The United States has also paralyzed the ability of the World Trade Organization (WTO) to settle trade disputes by blocking the appointment of judges to its appellate body. Moreover, in May 2020, President Trump announced his decision to quit the Open Skies Treaty, an arms control regime designed to promote transparency among its members regarding military activities. During the past decade or so, both Russia and the United States have been dismantling multilateral arms control treaties one by one while engaging in new nuclear buildups at home.

scholarly journals States, firms, and security: How private actors implement sanctions, lessons learned from the Netherlands

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Francesco Giumelli ◽  
Michal Onderco
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
European Union ◽  
United Nations ◽  
The United States ◽  
United Nations Security Council ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Public Authorities ◽  
For Profit ◽  
The United Nations ◽  
Private Actors

Abstract While the current practice of the United Nations Security Council, the European Union, and the United States leans towards imposing only targeted sanctions in most of the cases, private actors often complain about inability to process financial transactions, ship goods, or deliver services in countries where sanctions targets are located. The impact of sanctions often ends up being widespread and indiscriminate because sanctions are implemented by for-profit actors. This article investigates how for-profit actors relate to the imposition of sanctions, how they reflect them in their decisions, and how they interact with the public authorities. The findings of our research show that for-profit actors, with the possible exception of the largest multinationals, do not engage with public authorities before the imposition of sanctions. The behaviour of for-profit actors in the implementation phase is in line with the assumption of firms and business as profit-maximisers. Weighting the profits from business against the costs of (non-)compliance and make the decisions that in their view maximise their profit. Indeed, de-risking seems to be the most common approach by the companies due to the uncertainties produced by the multiple and overlapping sanctions regimes imposed by the United Nations, the European Union, and the United States.

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