Quantitative Genetic Aspects of Nitrogen Fixation in Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.)1,2

1980 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 101-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. G. Isleib ◽  
J. C. Wynne ◽  
G. H. Elkan ◽  
T. J. Schneeweis
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Gene Action ◽  
Nitrogenase Activity ◽  
Diallel Cross ◽  
Host Genotype ◽  
Combining Abilities ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Shoot Weight ◽  
Simple Evaluation

Abstract Manipulation of the host genotype has been proposed as a method of increasing biological nitrogen fixation by rhizobia in symbiosis with the peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). The F1 generation of a diallel cross of 10 South American cultivars was evaluated in the greenhouse in an analysis of gene action for traits related to nitrogen fixation. The parents represented five secondary centers of diversity and effects in the diallel model were partitioned into among- and within-center components. Variation of center effects was significant for several characters but was smaller in magnitude than within-center variation. Specific combining abilities were significant and accounted for more variability than general combining abilities for nodule number, nodule mass, specific nitrogenase activity, shoot weight, and total nitrogen, indicating non-additive types of gene action. Maternal effects were observed for the same characters. The parents with the highest general combining abilities (GCA's) for nitrogen fixation were both fastigiate types, while Virginia-type parents had generally low GCA's. Correlations between parental and GCA effects were nonsignificant for all traits, so simple evaluation of lines for nitrogen-fixing capacity may not identify superior parents for use in breeding programs.

scholarly journals Field Evaluations of Peanut Cultivar-Bradyrhizobium Specificities1

1989 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. D. Phillips ◽  
J. C. Wynne ◽  
G. H. Elkan ◽  
T. J. Schneeweis
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Nitrogenase Activity ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Host Strain ◽  
Cultivar Differences ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Shoot Weight ◽  
High Level

Abstract The peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) generally is considered promiscuous since it forms symbioses with a diverse group of Bradyrhizobium. However, specific cultivar-strain combinations like Robut 33–1 and strain NC92 have resulted in significant yield increases, suggesting that host-strain combinations may be selected for superior nitrogen fixation and yield. The objectives of this study were to measure nitrogen fixation-related traits during the growing season and evaluate the interactions between host peanut genotypes and Bradyrhizobium strains under field conditions in North Carolina. A factorial experiment with four cultivars and five inoculants was conducted in two years at two locations (Clayton and Lewiston) in North Carolina. Traits measured during the growing season were nodule number and weight, root weight (1983 only), shoot weight, pod weight, nitrogenase activity and specific nitrogenase activity. In 1984, fruit yield was measured at harvest. Results indicated that cultivars and strains were different for most traits in 1983 at Clayton but significant host-strain interactions occurred only for nodule weight at 60 days after planting (DAP) and root weight at 132 DAP. In 1984, Clayton results indicated cultivar-strain interactions for all traits at 73 DAP and for several traits at 109 DAP. At Lewiston only cultivar differences were important. The Clayton fields had low populations of native Bradyrhizobium while Lewiston had a high level of the bacteria. Inoculation produced substantial yield increases at Clayton but not at Lewiston. Robut 33–1 inoculated with strain NC92 did not yield more than with other strains. Further study is needed to explain why repeated increases in yield were obtained with Robut 33–1/NC92 in tropical studies but not in North Carolina. The possibility still exists that superior cultivar-strain combinations can be identified.

Effects of Bradyrhizobium strain and host genotype, nodule dry weight and leaf area on groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L. ssp. fastigiata) yield

1993 ◽  
Vol 154 (2) ◽  
pp. 279-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diman Van Rossum ◽  
Arthur Muyotcha ◽  
Henk W. Van Verseveld ◽  
Adriaan H. Stouthamer ◽  
Fred C. Boogerd
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Host Genotype ◽  
Bradyrhizobium Strain ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L

Evaluation of Biological Nitrogen Fixation Capacity in Arachis Species and the Possible Role of Polyploidy1

1994 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. T. Stalker ◽  
M. L. Nickum ◽  
J. C. Wynne ◽  
G. H. Elkan ◽  
T. J. Schneeweis
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Cover Crops ◽  
Biological Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Nitrogenase Activity ◽  
Diploid Species ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Arachis Species ◽  
Fixation Capacity ◽  
Biological Nitrogen

Abstract Arachis species have potential for enhancing cultivated peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) germplasm as forages and cover crops. This study's objective was to evaluate a range of Arachis species for biological nitrogen fixation capacity. Several Arachis species are tetraploids, and it has been shown that tetraploidy may play an important role in nodule initiation. Species were first tested under natural field conditions and then in the greenhouse using three Bradyrhizobium strains that had been previously shown to be effective on peanut. Nodule number, nodule weight, nitrogenase activity determined by acetylene reduction, and shoot dry weight were measured as indicators of nitrogen fixation capacity. In the field, tetraploid species produced significantly more nodules than the diploids, but total dry matter accumulation was independent of the number of nodules or rate of fixation. In the greenhouse, no significant differences were observed among the bradyrhizobial strains. Arachis hypogaea and A. monticola showed significantly higher measures of nitrogen fixation capacity for all measured traits than the diploid species. However, autotetraploid plants of A. villosa did not have significantly more nodules than diploids of the same accession; the autotetraploids consistently had higher nitrogenase activity. Arachis pusilla never formed a symbiotic relationship with the bradyrhizobial strains used.

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Response to Bradyrhizobia Inoculant Applied In-furrow with Agrichemicals

2010 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
David L. Jordan ◽  
P. Dewayne Johnson ◽  
Rick L. Brandenburg ◽  
Joel Faircloth
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Commercial Fertilizer ◽  
Pod Yield ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Biological Nitrogen ◽  
Fertilizer Solutions

Abstract Bradyrhizobia is often applied in the seed furrow when peanut is planted to ensure nodulation and subsequent biological nitrogen fixation (BNF). Several fungicides, insecticides, and fertilizer solutions are registered for in-furrow application in peanut while others or currently being evaluated for possible use. The effect of these products on efficacy of Bradyrhizobia inoculant has not been thoroughly investigated. Research was conducted in North Carolina and Virginia to determine peanut response to in-furrow application of Bradyrhizobia inoculant alone or with the fungicides azoxystrobin, boscalid, pyraclostrobin, propiconazole plus trifloxystrobin, and tebuconazole; the insecticide imidacloprid; and the commercial fertilizer Asset® RTU. Peanut yield did not differ in three experiments during 2002 when inoculant was applied alone or with the fungicides azoxystrobin, boscalid, pyraclostrobin, propiconazole plus trifloxystrobin, or tebuconazole. In experiments from 2004–2007, pod yield was lower when inoculant was applied with azoxystrobin, pyraclostrobin, tebuconazole, and fertilizer in three of 11, six of 11, three of 8, and three of 11 experiments, respectively, when compared with inoculant alone. Imidacloprid did not affect peanut yield. Pod yield was not improved by any of the fungicide, insecticide, or fertilizer treatments when compared with inoculant alone. These experiments (2004–2007) were conducted in fields without previous peanut plantings or where rotations were long enough to minimize disease incidence. Although benefits of disease control were not defined in these experiments, these data suggest that adverse effects on inoculant can occur when co-applied with azoxystrobin, pyraclostrobin, tebuconazole, and fertilizer.

scholarly journals Influence of Pesticides on Azospirillum sp. Population and Its Nitrogen Fixation in Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Soils

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Madhavi ◽  
B. Anuradha ◽  
V. Rangaswamy
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Andhra Pradesh ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Black Clay ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Semi Solid ◽  
The Impact

Aim: To study the impact of selected pesticides on Azospirillum sp. population and its nitrification in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) soils.   Study Design: Black clay and red sandy loam soils with known pesticide history were collected from groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivated fields and were investigated to elucidate the impact of pesticides on Azospirillum sp. population and its nitrification in both the soils. Place and Duration of Study: The soil samples were collected from groundnut cultivated fields of Anantapur District, Andhra Pradesh (A.P) and the study was carried out for 3 months. Methodology: Ten gram portions of each soil sample were placed in (25 × 150 mm) test tubes and treated with different concentrations of pesticides, (10, 25, 50, 75 and 100 µg g-1 soil) which were equivalent - 1.0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10 kg ha-1. Soil samples without pesticides served as controls. The soils with and without pesticides were incubated at room temperature (28 ± 4°C) in the laboratory and moisture content was maintained at 60% water holding capacity (WHC) throughout the experimental period. After 7 and 14 days of incubation, triplicate soil samples were used to estimate the population size of Azospirillum sp. using the MPN method. Five ml aliquots of semi – solid malate medium were added to five MPN tubes and inoculated with 0.5 ml of a soil suspension from 10-1 to 10-5 soil dilutions, and incubated at 37°C. Results: The population of Azospirillum sp. in both soils increased when pesticides were applied @ 2.5 - 5.0 kg ha-1 and incongruity, when the pesticides concentration increased from 7.5 - 10.0 kg ha-1, the Azospirillum sp. population gradually decreased in both soils. Conclusion: The present study aimed at determining the influence of selected pesticides such as oxydemeton methyl, emamectin benzoate, dithane Z-78 and benomyl on the population of Azospirillum sp. and nitrogen fixation in black clay soil and red sandy loam soils in groundnut cultivated fields of Anantapur District, Andhra Pradesh, India. Insecticides and fungicides applied up to 5.0 kg ha-1, enhanced the population of Azospirillum sp. and its nitrogen fixation also increased significantly after 7 and 14 days of incubation in both soils. However, the population of Azospirillum sp., decreased with increasing period of soil incubation in both treated and untreated soils.

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