scholarly journals GENERAL HISTOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LYMPHOID NODULES OF PEYER’S PATCHES OF THE SMALL INTESTINE IN ALBINO RATS AFTER ADMINISTRATION OF A BROAD-SPECTRUM ANTIBIOTIC

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 19-23
Author(s):  
V. H. Hryn ◽  
Y. P. Kostylenko ◽  
K. V. Hryn
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
Peyer's Patches ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Peyer’S Patches ◽  
Antibacterial Drug ◽  
Broad Spectrum Antibiotic ◽  
Histological Characteristics ◽  
Lymphoid Nodules

Administration of an antibiotic by any route can cause dysbacteriosis, but its risk is the highest when taken orally, since the drug gets directly into the intestine, affecting microflora. After administration of a broad-spectrum antibiotic, Peyer’s patches of the small intestine of albino rats remained unchanged both topographically and in their total amount. But at the same time, their total area is more than doubled, which, according to our data, becomes possible due to the appearance of a new generation of lymphoid nodules in them. The aim of the research was to study the histological characteristics of lymphoid nodules of Peyer’s patches of the small intestine in albino rats after administration of clarithromycin. 30 mature albino male rats weighing 200.0±20.0 g were involved in the experiment. The antibiotic was administered to the rodents as a supplement to food during their two-meals-a-day feeding. Areas of the small intestine with Peyer’s patches have been studied. Serial paraffin sections have been analyzed using the “Konus” light microscope. Morphometric characteristics of the tissue structures were obtained using the Sigeta X 1 mm / 100 Div.x0.01mm stage micrometer. It has been established that after the course of administration of a broad-spectrum antibiotic (clarithromycin) in the small intestine of albino rats, the topography and total number of Peyer’s patches remain unchanged, while their total area increased by more than twice. This hyperplasia of structured lymphoid tissue in the mucous membrane of the small intestine of animals under the influence of the antibacterial drug occurs due to the appearance of new generations of lymphoid nodules in the Peyer’s patches, among which small, medium and large forms are distinguished, similar to the stages of their development. Each of them is distinguished by its morphological features, primarily, the conversion of the lymphoid-associated epithelium. Therefore, the genetically programmed total number of Peyer’s patches in the small intestine of mature albino rats is constant, whereas the number of lymphoid nodules in them is a variable that depends on the state of the intestinal microbiocenosis.

scholarly journals Planimetric correlations between Peyer’s patches and the area of small intestine of white rats

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 66-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
V.H. Hryn
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
White Male ◽  
Peyer's Patches ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Peyer’S Patches ◽  
White Rats ◽  
Longitudinal Length ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Lymphoid Nodules

The largest concentration of the local immune system in the form of the nodular associations of the lymphoid tissue with the epithelium of the mucous membranes (tonsils, single lymphoid nodules and their aggregations, named Peyer’s patches) is located in the gut. The paper is aimed at the study of the quantitative and planimetric correlations between the Peyer’s patches and the area of the small intestine of white rats based on the visual assessment and comparative analysis of some metric values. The study was conducted on 60 white male rats, which were assigned into 2 groups of 30 animals: after the morning feeding (controls) and after a daily fasting. After the removal made in advance, the gut-associated complexes have been studied from the stomach to the cecum. The resulting experimental data have been processed on a personal computer using the EXCEL 2010 (Microsoft Excel Corp., USA) software. No significant difference in the diameter and length of the small intestine of white rats of the first and second groups was found. The total area of the small intestine wall in the control group ranged from 8666 mm2 to 20724 mm2, and from 8496 mm2 to 20573 mm2 in group II (after a daily fasting), ranking equally. Thickness parameters of the small intestine in two groups of animals were almost similar in its unchanged, within the limits of individual variability, longitudinal length. To conduct an accurate quantitative and planimetric analysis of the aggregated lymphoid nodules of the white rat’s small intestine, it was advisable to distinguish 3 groups, namely: small-, medium- and large-sized. Thus, their total number varies from 12 to 28 units. Among them 8 to 17 units (on the average of 12.60±0.400) were small-sized, 2 to 11 (5.800±0.500) were medium-sized, and the large ones were not always found. For example, in the studied samples, they were absent in 6 animals, whereas 1 to 5 units were presented in the rest of animals. The area of single small Peyer’s patches ranged from 1.570 to 9.800 mm2, and their total area was 64.90±2.900 mm2; the area of medium samples individually ranges from 10.60 to 27.50 mm2. Totally, they occupy an average area of 97.60±8.00 mm2. The same value of individual large aggregated nodules is between 31.40 and 60.40 mm2, which totally accounted on the average of 58.40±10.30 mm2. Thus, the average statistical value of the total areas of Peyer’s patches is 220.9±14.40 mm2, accounting for only 2% of the total area of the small intestine wall of white rats, not including single lymphoid nodules, not exceeding 1 mm.

scholarly journals THE STRUCTURE OF LYMPHOID-ASSOCIATED EPITHELIUM OF PEYERS’ PATCHES OF THE ALBINO RATS’ SMALL INTESTINE

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 67-75
Author(s):  
V. H. Hryn ◽  
Yu. P. Kostylenko
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Peyer's Patches ◽  
Peyer’S Patches ◽  
M Cells ◽  
Functional Polymorphism ◽  
Paraffin Sections ◽  
Mucous Membranes ◽  
Lymphoid Nodules ◽  
Hematoxylin Eosin

Over the past two decades, there have been many publications dealing with the further development of an urgent issue on the immune system of the mucous membranes of the digestive tract, called mucoseassociated lymphoid tissue (MALT), which includes spheres of innate (non-specific) and adaptive (specific) immunity. Most structured formations and indicators of adaptive immunity in the intestinal mucosa are lymphoepithelial formation (Peyer's patches). The data on the formation of the peripheral part of the immune system are carried through the epithelium, mechanisms of interaction between pathogenic intestinal microflora and immunocompetent cells, thereby initiating the development of immune responses in the mucous membranes. A concept has long been established in the literature, according to which a leading role in mediating these reactions belongs to a special type of enterocytes, called M-cells. Before the concept of the initial role of these cells in the development of immune responses in the mucous membranes of the intestinal tract they were known as caveolated cells. The purpose of this study was to determine the shape and topological relations of M-cells with other types of enterocytes, and also with lymphoid elements Peyer's patches of the small intestine. 30 mature albino male rats weighted 200,0±20,0 g were involved into the study. After vivisection, which was carried out by an overdose of thiopental anesthesia (75 mg / kg of animal body weight intramuscularly in the upper third of the thigh of the hind paw) [1] in compliance with the requirements for dissection of the abdominal cavity, the entire complex of the gastrointestinal tract was removed, which was preserved in 10 % formalin solution. Subsequently, short sections of the small intestine, containing Peyer’s patches, were selectively excised. Finding the latter was not difficult due to their clear visualization on the external (nonmesenteric) surface of the small intestine in the form of whitish spots. The specimens, after washing from formalin and dehydration in alcohol of increasing concentration, were embedded into paraffin blocks, from which serial sections of 4 µm thick (Microm HM 325) were obtained with subsequent staining with hematoxylin-eosin and Van Gieson. Their study and documentation was carried out using the “Konus” light microscope equipped with the Sigeta DCM-900 9.0MP digital microphoto attachment and the Biorex 3 program (serial number 5604) adapted for these studies. In the study of many series of paraffin sections stained with hematoxylin-eosin, it was found that while maintaining the general shape of the structure, lymphoid nodules are susceptible to plastic variability, which depends on situationally changing factors of antigenic effect, i.e., functional polymorphism is characteristic of them. This is especially true of their lymphoidassociated epithelium, which appears in a rather diverse form, which depends not only on the section angle, but also, probably, on its reactive state. Thus, in some cases it is a relatively even monolayer of intestinal epithelium, consisting mainly of absorbing enterocytes, among which the most distinct are goblet cells. At the same time, it draws attention to itself that in the apical sections of some of them there are clear signs of rupture of the plasmolemma and the presence in the cytoplasm of basophilic granular fibrous material of an unknown nature. Along with this picture, other histological sections of large lymphoid nodules of Peyer's patches of the small intestine demonstrate a different configurational character of lymphoid-associated epithelium, in which the cluster principle of cell distribution in the form of limited portioned sets is clearly noted. While maintaining the general structural shape, Peyer's patches were found to be subjected to plastic variability, which depends on situationally changing factors of antigenic exposure, i.e., functional polymorphism is characteristic of them. This is especially true of their lymphoid-associated epithelium. Identification of M-cells using only traditional histological methods in practice is complicated. And yet, in the process of a focused study of serial paraffin sections, it was possible to detect some morphological signs indicating their location.

scholarly journals EFFECT OF IMUNOPHAN ON MORPHOMETRIC PARAMETERS AND HISTOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF PEYER'S PATCHES IN SMALL INTESTINE OF RATS UNDER IMMUNOSUPPRESSION INDUCED BY CYCLOPHOSPHAN

2021 ◽  
pp. 141-152
Author(s):  
E.N. Morozova ◽  
V.N. Morozov ◽  
A.V. Tverskaya
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
White Male ◽  
Morphometric Parameters ◽  
Peyer's Patches ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Histological Structure ◽  
Peyer’S Patches ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Intact Rats

The aim of the study is to analyze morphometric parameters and histological structure of Peyer's patches in the small intestine of rats after imunofan administration under immunosuppression caused by cyclophosphan. Materials and Methods. The study was carried out on 36 white male rats (210–250 gramms). The animals were divided into two groups. Rats of Group 1 were injected with cyclophosphamide on the 1st day of the experiment (200 mg/kg). On the 2nd, 4th, 6th, 8th and 10th days they received imunofan (0.7 μg/kg). Group 2 consisted of intact rats. The animals were withdrawn from the experiment on the 7th, 30th, and 90th days after imunofan administration. The authors measured the length and width of Peyer's patches, and the distance from the ileocecal angle to the first patch. We also examined the height and width of lymph nodes and internodal zones on histological sections. Results. On the 7th and 30th days of our study the length and width of Peyer's patches increased by 18.71 %/16.94 % and 3.56 %/24.22 % respectively in mature animals, compared with the intact rats. At the same time, the distance from the ileocecal angle to the 1st Peyer’s patch decreased by 6.15 % and 19.80 %. The micrography showed that the height and width of the lymph nodes of Peyer's patches in experimental animals increased by 29.79 %/12.73 % (Day 7) and 10.49 %/12.46 % (Day 30) in comparison with the intact rats. The linear sizes of internodal zones increased by 39.35 %/10.33 % (Day 7) and 4.77 %/4.25 % (Day 30). By the 90th day, the macroscopic parameters of Peyer's patches, the height and width of their lymph nodules and internodal zones approxomated those of intact animals. Conclusion. When using imunofan under experimental immunosuppression, macro- and micromorphometric parameters of Peyer's patches of the small intestine of mature rats gradually approximated those in intact rats, which indicated the leveling of cyclophosphan immunosuppressive effect. Key words: rats, small intestine, Peyer's patches, imunofan, cyclophosphan. Цель исследования – изучение морфометрических параметров и гистологического строения пейеровых бляшек тонкой кишки крыс после введения имунофана на фоне иммуносупрессии, вызванной циклофосфаном. Материалы и методы. Исследование проводилось на 36 белых крысах-самцах массой 210–250 г. Животные были разделены на две группы. В I группе крысам в 1-е сут эксперимента вводился циклофосфан в дозе 200 мг/кг, на 2, 4, 6, 8, 10-е сут – имунофан в дозе 0,7 мкг/кг массы тела; II группу составили интактные крысы. Животные выводились из эксперимента на 7, 30, 90-е сут после завершения введения имунофана. Измерялись длина и ширина пейеровых бляшек, а также расстояние от илеоцекального угла до первой из них, а на гистологических срезах – высота и ширина их лимфатических узелков и межузелковых зон. Результаты. У половозрелых животных на 7-е и 30-е сут наблюдения длина и ширина пейеровых бляшек увеличивалась на 18,71 и 16,94 % и 3,56 и 24,22 % соответственно по сравнению с данными интактных крыс, а расстояние от илеоцекального угла до первой из них уменьшалось на 6,15 и 19,80 %. При микроскопическом исследовании высота и ширина лимфатических узелков пейеровых бляшек были больше по сравнению с данными интактных крыс на 29,79 и 12,73 % (7-е сут), 10,49 и 12,46 % (30-е сут), а линейные размеры межузелковых зон – на 39,35 и 10,33 % (7-е сут), 4,77 и 4,25 % (30-е сут). К 90-м сут макроскопические параметры пейеровых бляшек, а также высота и ширина их лимфатических узелков и межузелковых зон приближались к данным интактных животных. Выводы. При использовании имунофана на фоне экспериментальной иммуносупрессии значения исследуемых макро- и микроморфометрических параметров пейеровых бляшек тонкой кишки половозрелых крыс в ходе эксперимента постепенно приближались к аналогичным показателям интактных крыс, что свидетельствует о нивелировании иммуносупрессивного эффекта циклофосфана. Ключевые слова: крысы, тонкая кишка, пейеровы бляшки, имунофан, циклофосфан.

Histochemical Studies on Post Natal Development of Gut Associated Lymphoid Tissue (GALT) of Intestine of Pati Duck (Anas platyrhynchos domesticus) of Assam

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Deka ◽  
M. Talukdar ◽  
D.J. Talukdar
Keyword(s):  
Phosphatase Activity ◽  
Lymphoid Tissue ◽  
Correct Diagnosis ◽  
Peyer's Patches ◽  
Peyer’S Patches ◽  
Moderate Activity ◽  
Strong Reaction ◽  
Strong Activity ◽  
Lymphoid Follicles ◽  
Lymphoid Nodules

Background: The Pati duck constitutes a major indigenous duck variety in the state of Assam. The study of the gut associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) of Pati duck of Assam is of great value in regard to normal academic and bio-medical research aspects. It is also pre-requisite for correct diagnosis and evaluating the treatment of certain diseases like duck virus enteritis, duck cholera, aflatoxicosis, botulism etc, caused by different types of pathogens, food poisoning and food allergy. Methods: The study was conducted on Pati duck of Assam in where 45 numbers of ducks were selected by irrespective of sex at different stages of development. The birds were divided into five groups depending on its age viz., 1st week, 4th week, 16th week, 24th week and 42nd weeks old. The pieces of gut having lymphoid tissue or Peyer’s patches were collected immediately after slaughter. Samples were made cryosections (-20oC) at 10µm in thickness and were temporally stored at (-22oC). The histochemical staining was done after that. Result: The acid phosphatase activity was weak in the lymphoid follicles of 1st and 4th week of age of Pati duck, while its activity was moderate in 16th, 24th and 42th week of age.The alkaline phosphatase activity was moderate reaction in the lymphoid follicles of 1st and 4th week of age of Pati duck, while its activity was intense in 16th, 24th and 42th week of age of duck. The lymphoid follicles of both Peyer’s patches and solitary lymphoid nodules were showed moderate activity for adenosine tri-phosphatase activity in 1st and 4th week old Pati duck and strong activity in 16th, 24th and 42th week of age of Pati duck, respectively. The lymphoid nodules of intestine showed strong reaction for non-specific esterase activity in all the age groups of Pati duck.

Functional zones of Peyer’s patch (PPs) in rabbits’ caecum

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 82-86
Author(s):  
M. O. Nikitina ◽  
M. V. Kravtsova ◽  
A. A. Bohomaz
Keyword(s):  
Germinal Center ◽  
Lymphoid Tissue ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Vermiform Appendix ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Germinal Centers ◽  
Peyer's Patches ◽  
Peyer’S Patches ◽  
Mantle Zone ◽  
Lymphoid Nodules

A feature of rabbit gut-associated lymphoid tissue is that its structure is more developed than in other animal species. In rabbits it is composed of sacculus rotundus, vermiform appendix and Peyer’s patches. These immune formations contain an organized component of lymphoid tissue – lymphoid nodules (B-cell zone) and interfollicular region (T-cell). Secondary lymphoid nodules with germinal centers presented in them are formed due to antigen stimulation. The caecum of Hyplus rabbits at the age of 30 -, 60 - and 90-days was investigated. Each age group consisted of 5 rabbits. Experimental rabbits are clinically healthy, unvaccinated and untreated against ecto- and endoparasites. Peyer’s patches of the caecum were selected for the study and fixed in 10% of formalin. Subsequently, the specimens stained with hematoxylin-eosin were prepared from the obtained samples. On the 30th day of life, Peyer’s patches in the cecum were detected by gross examination. On the histological level, they had formed interfollicular region and lymphoid nodules. In turn, lymphoid nodules were divided into primary and secondary ones. A well-defined mantle zone and germinal centers were observed in the secondary lymphoid nodules. The regularities of their area indicators increase (mean value, median and interquartile range (IQR)) and their correlation were studied. The most intensive growth of the mantle area and the germinal center was observed from the 30th to the 60th day. The relative area of the mantle zone and the germinal center as part of the secondary lymphoid nodule was determined. Its value did not change during the experimental period.

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