Identifying Sources Of Fecal Pollution Improves Regulatory Decisions

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karena H. Nguyen ◽  
Valerie J. Harwood
Keyword(s):  
Fecal Pollution ◽  
Regulatory Decisions

Regulatory decisions from the US FDA

2001 ◽  
Vol &NA; (1272) ◽  
pp. 22
Author(s):  
&NA;
Keyword(s):  
The Us ◽  
Us Fda ◽  
Regulatory Decisions

Behaviour of the fecal pollution indicators in a soil irrigated with treated wastewater under onsurface and subsurface drip irrigation

2000 ◽  
Vol 42 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 75-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Campos ◽  
G. Oron ◽  
M. Salgot ◽  
L. Gillerman
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Drip Irrigation ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Fecal Pollution ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Subsurface Drip Irrigation ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Reclaimed Wastewater ◽  
Pollution Indicators ◽  
Subsurface Drip

A critical objective for any wastewater reuse programme is to minimise health and environmental hazard. When applying wastewater to soil–plant systems, it is to be noted that the passage of water through the soil considerably reduces the number of microorganisms carried by the reclaimed wastewater. Factors that affect survival include number and type of microorganisms, soil organic matter content, temperature, moisture, pH, rainfall, sunlight, protection provided by foliage and antagonism by soil microflora. The purpose of this work was to examine the behaviour of fecal pollution indicators in a soil irrigated with treated wastewater under onsurface and subsurface drip irrigation. The experiment was conducted in a vineyard located at a commercial farm near the City of Arad (Israel). Wastewater and soil samples were monitored during the irrigation period and examined for fecal coliforms, somatic and F+ coliphages and helminth eggs. Physico-chemical parameters were controlled in order to determine their relationship with removal of microorganisms. The results showed high reduction of the concentration of microorganisms when wastewater moves through the soil; and a good correlation between the reduction of fecal pollution indicators and moisture content, organic matter concentration and pH. The application of secondary treated domestic wastewater in this specific soil and under these irrigation systems affect the survival of microorganisms, thus reducing the health and environmental risk.

DEVELOPING NOVEL MICROBIAL TRACKING CAPABILITIES TO IDENTIFY FECAL POLLUTION SOURCES

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan J. Newton ◽  
◽  
Adelaide Roguet ◽  
Sandra L. Mclellan
Keyword(s):  
Fecal Pollution ◽  
Pollution Sources

Disciplining Microfinance Borrowers in Bangladesh

Social Change ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 453-468 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. H. M. Belayeth Hussain
Keyword(s):  
Asymmetric Information ◽  
Rural Development ◽  
Expert Interviews ◽  
Microfinance Institutions ◽  
Regulatory Decisions ◽  
Technical Measures

Based on expert interviews, this study aims to explore different components of cultural and administrative apparatuses, showing the disciplinary methods of microfinance organisations that work on submissive borrowers. Six policy officials of two microfinance institutions (MFIs) Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee and Bangladesh Rural Development Board – and two experts from different institutions were interviewed for this purpose. Following established way of analysing expert interviews, the study concentrates on the experts’ own wording and interfaces them with theoretical and conceptual positions. Among various sets of dispositif, an ensemble of elements of an apparatus, the culture of loyalty to saviours, the discourse of empowerment, regulatory decisions and policies of MFIs, a culture of repayment habits, usage of technical measures and accessing asymmetric information of borrowers are important in the power exerting process of the microfinance industry in Bangladesh.

scholarly journals Lachnospiraceae and Bacteroidales Alternative Fecal Indicators Reveal Chronic Human Sewage Contamination in an Urban Harbor

2011 ◽  
Vol 77 (19) ◽  
pp. 6972-6981 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan J. Newton ◽  
Jessica L. VandeWalle ◽  
Mark A. Borchardt ◽  
Marc H. Gorelick ◽  
Sandra L. McLellan
Keyword(s):  
Sequence Analysis ◽  
Genetic Marker ◽  
Microbial Community Composition ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Fecal Pollution ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Fecal Indicators ◽  
Fecal Indicator ◽  
Content Type

ABSTRACTThe complexity of fecal microbial communities and overlap among human and other animal sources have made it difficult to identify source-specific fecal indicator bacteria. However, the advent of next-generation sequencing technologies now provides increased sequencing power to resolve microbial community composition within and among environments. These data can be mined for information on source-specific phylotypes and/or assemblages of phylotypes (i.e., microbial signatures). We report the development of a new genetic marker for human fecal contamination identified through microbial pyrotag sequence analysis of the V6 region of the 16S rRNA gene. Sequence analysis of 37 sewage samples and comparison with database sequences revealed a human-associated phylotype within theLachnospiraceaefamily, which was closely related to the genusBlautia. This phylotype, termed Lachno2, was on average the second most abundant fecal bacterial phylotype in sewage influent samples from Milwaukee, WI. We developed a quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay for Lachno2 and used it along with the qPCR-based assays for humanBacteroidales(based on the HF183 genetic marker), totalBacteroidalesspp., and enterococci and the conventionalEscherichia coliand enterococci plate count assays to examine the prevalence of fecal and human fecal pollution in Milwaukee's harbor. Both the conventional fecal indicators and the human-associated indicators revealed chronic fecal pollution in the harbor, with significant increases following heavy rain events and combined sewer overflows. The two human-associated genetic marker abundances were tightly correlated in the harbor, a strong indication they target the same source (i.e., human sewage). Human adenoviruses were routinely detected under all conditions in the harbor, and the probability of their occurrence increased by 154% for every 10-fold increase in the human indicator concentration. Both Lachno2 and humanBacteroidalesincreased specificity to detect sewage compared to general indicators, and the relationship to a human pathogen group suggests that the use of these alternative indicators will improve assessments for human health risks in urban waters.

Storm Drains are Sources of Human Fecal Pollution during Dry Weather in Three Urban Southern California Watersheds

2009 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 293-298 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bram Sercu ◽  
Laurie C. Van De Werfhorst ◽  
Jill Murray ◽  
Patricia A. Holden
Keyword(s):  
Southern California ◽  
Fecal Pollution

scholarly journals Hotspots and main drivers of fecal pollution in Neusiedler See, a large shallow lake in Central Europe

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (29) ◽  
pp. 28884-28898 ◽  
Author(s):  
István G. Hatvani ◽  
Alexander K. T. Kirschner ◽  
Andreas H. Farnleitner ◽  
Péter Tanos ◽  
Alois Herzig
Keyword(s):  
Central Europe ◽  
Shallow Lake ◽  
Fecal Pollution ◽  
Large Shallow Lake

scholarly journals Multiplex PCR with 16S rRNA Gene-Targeted Primers of Bifidobacterium spp. To Identify Sources of Fecal Pollution

2004 ◽  
Vol 70 (5) ◽  
pp. 3171-3175 ◽  
Author(s):  
X. Bonjoch ◽  
E. Ballesté ◽  
A. R. Blanch
Keyword(s):  
16S Rrna ◽  
Multiplex Pcr ◽  
Fecal Pollution ◽  
Sensitivity Threshold ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Specific Primers ◽  
Animal Wastewater ◽  
Wastewater Samples ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Different Origins

ABSTRACT Bifidobacteria are one of the most common bacterial types found in the intestines of humans and other animals and may be used as indicators of human fecal pollution. The presence of nine human-related Bifidobacterium species was analyzed in human and animal wastewater samples of different origins by using species-specific primers based on 16S rRNA sequences. Only B. adolescentis and B. dentium were found exclusively in human sewage. A multiplex PCR approach with strain-specific primers was developed. The method showed a sensitivity threshold of 10 cells/ml. This new molecular method could provide useful information for the characterization of fecal pollution sources.

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