scholarly journals Cover crop and rotation intensity effects on soil health and yield in corn-soybean cropping systems

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Jacob T. Young
Keyword(s):  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Cover Crops ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Soil Health ◽  
Health Indicators ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Cash Crop ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Water Stable Aggregates

In the Midwest, corn-soybean [Glycine max (L). Merrill] is the dominant biennial cropping system, which covers approximately 75% of the arable land surface (Hatfield et al., 2007; Plourde et al., 2013). The growing demand for corn (Zea mays L.) and its financial competitiveness as a cash crop over the past two decades has led to an increased use of more corn-intense cropping systems. This increase in corn intensity within corn soybean rotations in the Midwest has caused concern for maintaining soil health and cash crop yields for the long-term. The implementation of cover crops and crop rotation are widely promoted management strategies that have been shown to enhance soil health in agricultural systems, and may lead to increases in cash crop yields. The objectives of Chapter II of this dissertation were to examine the influence of cover crops, crop rotation, year, and their combination on several soil health indicators and cash crop yield. The soil health indicators of bulk density, water stable aggregates, soil moisture, total organic carbon, active carbon, potentially mineralizable nitrogen (PMN), and soil microbial community composition via a phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis were measured in 2017 and 2018 in Columbia, MO under no-till conditions. Grain yields of corn and soybean were recorded from 2016-2019. Crop rotation treatments significantly improved water stable aggregates and corn yield. Cover crop treatments led to significant improvements in several soil health indicators (water stable aggregates, soil moisture, PMN, AMF, gram negative bacteria, and the gram positive / gram negative ratio) while maintaining yield in soybean and decreasing yield in corn. The objectives of chapter III of this dissertation were to evaluate the long-term effects of increased corn frequency within a corn-soybean rotation on several soil health quality indicators and evaluate the long-term corn and soybean yield responses to ten different corn-soybean rotations. In order to better represent the long-term impacts of increased corn rotation intensity within rotations on soil health, corn rotation frequency (CRF) ratings were assigned to each rotation treatment based on the percentage of corn within each rotation. Utilizing these ratings when evaluating the soil data allows for effects of increased corn within rotations to be more easily identified. Soil measurements were taken in 2014 and included several indicators of soil physical, chemical, and biological health to provide a snapshot of conditions as a result of nine years of the ten rotation treatments being in place. Yield data was collected from 2007 â€" 2019 to evaluate the long-term effects of various corn intensities within corn-soybean rotations. Overall, corn yields were significantly improved in the first year after soybean, and with fewer consecutive years of corn in the rotation cycles. Soybean yields were most significantly improved after following two years of corn, and when avoiding consecutive years of soybean. Although the two-year corn-soybean rotation yields were statistically similar to soybean following two years of corn in 9 of 11 years in this study. For soil measurements, significant improvements from increased corn rotation intensity were seen in bulk density, total nitrogen, PMN, TOC, active carbon, SOM, [beta]-glucosidase, overall microbial biomass and diversity, AMF, gram negative bacteria, gram positive bacteria, and actinobacteria. These results provide valuable information to producers aiming to improve soil physical, chemical, and biological function while also maintaining the highest yield potential in corn-soybean rotations.

scholarly journals Long term crop rotation effect on soybean yield explained by soil- and root-associated microbiome and soil health indicators

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Achal Neupane ◽  
Izzet Bulbul ◽  
Ziyi Wang ◽  
R. Michael Lehman ◽  
Emerson Nafziger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Crop Yield ◽  
Soil Health ◽  
Health Indicators ◽  
The Other ◽  
Microbial Populations ◽  
Soybean Yield ◽  
Soil Microbial ◽  
One Year

Abstract Background Crop rotation is an important management tactic that farmers use to manage crop production and reduce pests and diseases. Long-term crop rotations may select groups of microbes that form beneficial or pathogenic associations with the following crops, which could explain observed crop yield differences with different crop sequences. To test this hypothesis, we used two locations each with three long-term (14 year), replicated, crop rotation treatments: continuous corn ( Zea mays ) (CCC), corn/corn/soybean (SCC), and corn/soybean (CSC); both CSC and SCC had each phase present each year. In Year 15, we grew soybean ( Glycine max ) in each plot, so that soybean replaced corn in CCC and in the CSC phase where soybean grew in Year 14, and took data from soybeans following CCC (14 years of corn), SCC (two years of corn), CSC (one year of corn), and SCS (one year of soybean). Soybean yield and soil health indicators were measured, along with the bulk soil microbiome and soybean root-associated microbiome.Results Soybean yields were significantly higher following CCC than in the other three treatments at both locations. Soil protein as a soil health indicator was also higher following CCC than in the other treatments. Differential abundances of bacterial and fungal taxa were related to yield differences in a site-specific manner. Uncultured bacterial taxa in family JG30-KF-AS9 was enriched in the high-yielding CCC plots in Monmouth, whereas Microvirga , Rhodomicrobium , and Micromonosporaceae were enriched in the low-yielding SCS plots. Members of the fungal phylum Ascomycota were informative in explaining yield differences among treatments mostly as pathogens, but Tumularia , Pyrenochaetopsis and Schizothecium were enriched in the CCC plots, suggesting a role as either corn pathogens or beneficial fungal taxa for soybean. Multivariate analysis associated soil health indicators with the rotation regimes and some of the differentially abundant microbial taxa.Conclusions Our finding of associations between soil health indicators related to soil microbial populations and soybean yield following different cropping sequences has wide-ranging implications, opening the possibility of both monitoring and manipulating soil microbial populations as a way to improve crop yield potential.

scholarly journals Long term crop rotation effect on subsequent soybean yield explained by soil and root-associated microbiomes and soil health indicators

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Achal Neupane ◽  
Izzet Bulbul ◽  
Ziyi Wang ◽  
R. Michael Lehman ◽  
Emerson Nafziger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Crop Yield ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Soil Health ◽  
Health Indicators ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Soil Microbiome ◽  
Soybean Yield ◽  
Soybean Roots

AbstractCrop rotation is an important management tactic that farmers use to manage crop production and reduce pests and diseases. Long-term crop rotations may select groups of microbes that form beneficial or pathogenic associations with the following crops, which could explain observed crop yield differences with different crop sequences. To test this hypothesis, we used two locations each with four long-term (12–14-year), replicated, rotation treatments: continuous corn (CCC), corn/corn/soybean (SCC), corn/soybean (CSC), and soybean/corn (SCS). Afterwards, soybean was planted, and yield and soil health indicators, bulk soil microbiome, and soybean root-associated microbiome were assessed. Soybean yields, as well as soil protein, and POXC as soil health indicators were higher following CCC than in the other three treatments at both locations. A bacterial taxon in family JG30-KF-AS9 was enriched in CCC, whereas Microvirga, Rhodomicrobium, and Micromonosporaceae were enriched in SCS. Several ascomycetes explain lowered yield as soybean pathogens in SCS. Surprisingly, Tumularia, Pyrenochaetopsis and Schizothecium were enriched in soybean roots after CCC, suggesting corn pathogens colonizing soybean roots as nonpathogens. Our finding of associations between soil health indicators related to microbiomes and soybean yield has wide-ranging implications, opening the possibility of manipulating microbiomes to improve crop yield potential.

Influence of Weed Management Practices and Crop Rotation on Glyphosate-Resistant Horseweed (Conyza canadensis) Population Dynamics and Crop Yield-Years III and IV

Weed Science ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 417-426 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vince M. Davis ◽  
Kevin D. Gibson ◽  
Thomas T. Bauman ◽  
Stephen C. Weller ◽  
William G. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Crop Yield ◽  
Cover Crops ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
No Till

Horseweed is an increasingly common and problematic weed in no-till soybean production in the eastern cornbelt due to the frequent occurrence of biotypes resistant to glyphosate. The objective of this study was to determine the influence of crop rotation, winter wheat cover crops (WWCC), residual non-glyphosate herbicides, and preplant application timing on the population dynamics of glyphosate-resistant (GR) horseweed and crop yield. A field study was conducted from 2003 to 2007 in a no-till field located at a site that contained a moderate infestation of GR horseweed (approximately 1 plant m−2). The experiment was a split-plot design with crop rotation (soybean–corn or soybean–soybean) as main plots and management systems as subplots. Management systems were evaluated by quantifying in-field horseweed plant density, seedbank density, and crop yield. Horseweed densities were collected at the time of postemergence applications, 1 mo after postemergence (MAP) applications, and at the time of crop harvest or 4 MAP. Viable seedbank densities were also evaluated from soil samples collected in the fall following seed rain. Soybean–corn crop rotation reduced in-field and seedbank horseweed densities vs. continuous soybean in the third and fourth yr of this experiment. Preplant herbicides applied in the spring were more effective at reducing horseweed plant densities than when applied in the previous fall. Spring-applied, residual herbicide systems were the most effective at reducing season-long in-field horseweed densities and protecting crop yields since the growth habit of horseweed in this region is primarily as a summer annual. Management systems also influenced the GR and glyphosate-susceptible (GS) biotype population structure after 4 yr of management. The most dramatic shift was from the initial GR : GS ratio of 3 : 1 to a ratio of 1 : 6 after 4 yr of residual preplant herbicide use followed by non-glyphosate postemergence herbicides.

Long-term effects of lime application on soil acidity and crop yields on a red soil in Central Zhejiang

2004 ◽  
Vol 265 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 101-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meng Cifu ◽  
Lu Xiaonan ◽  
Cao Zhihong ◽  
Hu Zhengyi ◽  
Ma Wanzhu
Keyword(s):  
Soil Acidity ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Red Soil ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Lime Application

scholarly journals Soil properties after 36 years of N fertilization under continuous corn and corn-soybean management

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nakian Kim ◽  
Gevan D. Behnke ◽  
María B. Villamil
Keyword(s):  
Soil Properties ◽  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
Block Design ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽  
Continuous Corn

Abstract. Modern agricultural systems rely on inorganic nitrogen (N) fertilization to enhance crop yields, but its overuse may negatively affect soil properties. Our objective was to investigate the effect of long-term N fertilization on key soil properties under continuous corn [Zea mays L.] (CCC) and both the corn (Cs) and soybean [Glycine max L. Merr.] (Sc) phases of a corn-soybean rotation. Research plots were established in 1981 with treatments arranged as a split-plot design in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The main plot was crop rotation (CCC, Cs, and Sc), and the subplots were N fertilizer rates of 0 kg N ha−1 (N0, controls), and 202 kg N ha−1, and 269 kg N ha−1 (N202, and N269, respectively). After 36 years and within the CCC, the yearly addition of N269 compared to unfertilized controls significantly increased cation exchange capacity (CEC, 65 % higher under N269) and acidified the top 15 cm of the soil (pH 4.8 vs. pH 6.5). Soil organic matter (SOM) and total carbon stocks (TCs) were not affected by treatments, yet water aggregate stability (WAS) decreased by 6.7 % within the soybean phase of the CS rotation compared to CCC. Soil bulk density (BD) decreased with increased fertilization by 5 % from N0 to N269. Although ammonium (NH4+) did not differ by treatments, nitrate (NO3−) increased eight-fold with N269 compared to N0, implying increased nitrification. Soils of unfertilized controls under CCC have over twice the available phosphorus level (P) and 40 % more potassium (K) than the soils of fertilized plots (N202 and N269). On average, corn yields increased 60 % with N fertilization compared to N0. Likewise, under N0, rotated corn yielded 45 % more than CCC; the addition of N (N202 and N269) decreased the crop rotation benefit to 17 %. Our results indicated that due to the increased level of corn residues returned to the soil in fertilized systems, long-term N fertilization improved WAS and BD, yet not SOM, at the cost of significant soil acidification and greater risk of N leaching and increased nitrous oxide emissions.

Soybean in Crop Rotation with Maize and Palisade Grass Intercropping Enhances the Long-term Effects of Surface Liming in No-till System

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
João William Bossolani ◽  
Fabiana Lopes dos Santos ◽  
Hugo Henrique Andrade Meneghette ◽  
Izabela Rodrigues Sanches ◽  
Luiz Gustavo Moretti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
No Till

Reprocessing of single-use endoscopic variceal band ligation devices: a pilot study

Endoscopy ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 49 (12) ◽  
pp. 1202-1208 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kavel Visrodia ◽  
Abdul Haseeb ◽  
Yuri Hanada ◽  
Kelly Pennington ◽  
Magdalen Clemens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Band Ligation ◽  
Single Use ◽  
Endoscopic Band Ligation ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
Forced Air ◽  
High Level ◽  
Endoscopic Ligation

Abstract Background and study aims The preferred management of bleeding esophageal varices includes endoscopic band ligation. Endoscopic ligation devices (ELDs) are expensive and designed for single use, limiting their uptake in developing countries. We aimed to assess the efficacy of reprocessing ELDs using terminal microbial cultures and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) testing. Materials and methods ELDs were recovered after clinical use and their components (cap, handle, and cord) were subjected to reprocessing. This included manual cleaning, automated high-level disinfection (HLD), and drying with forced air. Using sterile technique, ELD components were sampled for ATP at three stages: before manual cleaning, after manual cleaning, and after HLD. Components were sent to an external laboratory for culturing. Cultures were interpreted as positive upon identification of Gram-negative bacilli. Results A total of 14 clinically used ELDs were studied, and 189 ATP tests and 41 cultures were evaluated. Overall, 95 % (39/41) of components and 86 % (12/14) of ELDs were culture-negative or did not yield Gram-negative bacilli. Two components (5 %; one handle and one cord) harbored Gram-negative bacilli in quantities of 1 CFU per component. There was no apparent correlation between ATP at any juncture of reprocessing and terminal cultures. Conclusions Reprocessing of ELDs is effective, resulting in infrequent and minimal microbial contamination. Microbial culturing can be used to ensure adequacy of ELD reprocessing if pursued. Until reusable ELDs are commercially available, continued efforts to better define the adequacy and long-term effects of reprocessing ELDs are needed.

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