Motherly love curbs harm: maternal effects can modulate sexual conflict
Strong sexual selection frequently favours males that increase their reproductive success by harming females, with potentially negative consequences for the growth of populations. Understanding what factors may resolve this reproductive “tragedy of the commons” is a key question in evolutionary biology. Studies addressing the evolution of sexual conflict have so far considered direct effects on male and female reproductive success along with indirect genetic benefits (e.g. good genes) to females. Here, we model the evolution of male harm while incorporating male-induced maternal effects on offspring quality. We show that maternal effects can partially align male and female evolutionary interests, fostering cooperation between the sexes and significantly reducing optimal levels of male harm. This finding fits broadly with available evidence across the tree of life, opening a novel avenue to understand the evolution of sexual conflict.