Evaluation of Green Alternatives for Blockchain Proof-of-Work (PoW) Approach

Following the footprints of Bitcoins, many other cryptocurrencies were developed mostly adopting the same or similar Proof-of-Work (PoW) approach. Since completing the PoW puzzle requires extremely high computing power, consuming a vast amount of electricity, PoW has been strongly criticised for its antithetic stand against the notion of green computing. Use of application-specific hardware, particularly application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs) has further fuelled the debate, as these devices are of no use once they become “legacy” and hence obsolete to compete in the mining race, thus contributing to electronics waste. Therefore, this paper surveys the currently available alternative approaches to PoW and evaluates their applicability - especially their appropriateness in terms of greenness.

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Inlaid Copper Multilevel Interconnections Using Planarization by Chemical-Mechanical Polishing

MRS Bulletin ◽

10.1557/s0883769400047321 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 18 (6) ◽

pp. 46-51 ◽

Cited By ~ 38

Author(s):

S.P. Murarka ◽

J. Steigerwald ◽

R.J. Gutmann

Keyword(s):

Integrated Circuits ◽

Large Scale ◽

Ohmic Contacts ◽

Access Time ◽

Gigascale Integration ◽

Interlayer Dielectric ◽

Application Specific Integrated Circuits ◽

Large Scale Integration ◽

Scale Integration ◽

Application Specific

Continuing advances in the fields of very-large-scale integration (VLSI), ultralarge-scale integration (ULSI), and gigascale integration (GSI), leading to the continuing development of smaller and smaller devices, have continually challenged the fields of materials, processes, and circuit designs. The existing metallization schemes for ohmic contacts, gate metal, and interconnections are inadequate for the ULSI and GSI era. An added concern is the reliability of aluminum and its alloys as the current carrier. Also, the higher resistivity of Al and its use in two-dimensional networks have been considered inadequate, since they lead to unacceptably high values of the so-called interconnection delay or RC delay, especially in microprocessors and application-specific integrated circuits (ICs). Here, R refers to the resistance of the interconnection and C to the total capacitance associated with the interlayer dielectric. For the fastest devices currently available and faster ones of the future, the RC delay must be reduced to such a level that the contribution of RC to switching delays (access time) becomes a small fraction of the total, which is a sum of the inherent device delay associated with the semiconductor, the device geometry and type, and the RC delay.

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Novel Use of Application-Specific Integrated Circuits in Quartz-Based Permanent Downhole Gauges Increases Reliability Estimates in High-Temperature Applications

10.2118/187416-ms ◽

2017 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Quanling Zheng ◽

Elias Garcia ◽

Aswin Balasubramanian

Keyword(s):

High Temperature ◽

Integrated Circuits ◽

Application Specific Integrated Circuits ◽

Reliability Estimates ◽

Application Specific ◽

Temperature Applications

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Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs) for Spectral Photon Counting

Spectral, Photon Counting Computed Tomography ◽

10.1201/9780429486111-14 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 251-278

Author(s):

Chris Siu ◽

Conny Hansson ◽

Krzysztof Iniewski

Keyword(s):

Integrated Circuits ◽

Photon Counting ◽

Application Specific Integrated Circuits ◽

Application Specific

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FPGAs in Client Compute Hardware

10.36227/techrxiv.13604699.v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Michael Mattioli

Keyword(s):

Integrated Circuits ◽

Field Programmable Gate Arrays ◽

Gate Arrays ◽

Application Specific Integrated Circuits ◽

Field Programmable ◽

Programmable Gate Arrays ◽

And Performance ◽

Application Specific

<div>Field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) are remarkably versatile. FPGAs are used in a wide variety of applications and industries where use of application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs) is less economically feasible. Despite the area, cost, and power challenges designers face when integrating FPGAs into devices, they provide significant security and performance benefits. Many of these benefits can be realized in client compute hardware such as laptops, tablets, and smartphones.</div>

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