Understanding and Analysis of the Regulatory System Regarding Hate Crimes in the United Kingdom: Focusing on Legislative Aspects

Background Despite rescheduling of cannabis to Schedule 2 and amendments to the law permitting legal availability of cannabis for the treatment of medical conditions, access to cannabis for medical use remains challenging for patients in the United Kingdom (UK). Recreational use is widespread despite laws stating users can be sentenced to prison for up to 5 years for possession. Objective The aim of the study was to develop a model for a legal cannabis market in the UK building upon the results of a preceding study in which a UK population sample determined that pharmacies are the most suitable primary legal vendor of cannabis as opposed to regulated shops or the black market. Methods An online survey was developed using Qualtrics software and advertised via the Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies’ Facebook, Twitter and Instagram social media accounts and monthly newsletter. Results Three hundred and ninety seven individuals, a majority having used cannabis at least once, consented to participate in the study. The participants concluded that there is enough evidence for cannabis to be prescribed to treat a range of medical conditions. In addition to pharmacies providing cannabis to patients with a prescription, a majority of participants supported cannabis being sold in pharmacies for harm reduction purposes and allowing access to medicinal cannabis in cases where supporting evidence is insufficient to merit a prescription. Participants supported greater integration between dispensing pharmacies and mental health services. Overall, the participants did not oppose a consultation or screening for potential cannabis users prior to obtaining access from licensed vendors. UK participants were supportive of the concept of a cannabis card, which users can present to licensed vendors such as pharmacies, with specific recommendations (such as strains relevant to a patient’s medical condition) being coded into the card. A majority of participants supported the existence of shisha-type bars for the purchase and onsite consumption of cannabis and determined that such vendors should not be part of a pharmacy chain of stores or regulated by pharmacy regulators. The participants generally preferred that laws regarding public consumption are in line with existing smoking legislation. Participants determined that it should be legally permitted to grow cannabis at home for personal medical and non-medical purposes but not to sell for profit. Conclusion The results are suggestive of a regulatory system that medical and non-medical cannabis users can use which aims to maximise therapeutic applications, minimise harms and respect individual liberty.

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Islamophobia and the Problematization of Mosques: A Critical Exploration of Hate Crimes and the Symbolic Function of “Old” and “New” Mosques in the United Kingdom

Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs ◽

10.1080/13602004.2017.1388477 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 37 (3) ◽

pp. 294-308 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Chris Allen

Keyword(s):

United Kingdom ◽

Hate Crimes ◽

Symbolic Function ◽

The United Kingdom ◽

Critical Exploration

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Reporting Racist Hate Crime Victimization to the Police in the United States and the United Kingdom: A Cross-National Comparison

The British Journal of Criminology ◽

10.1093/bjc/azaa008 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 60 (4) ◽

pp. 1034-1055

Author(s):

Wesley Myers ◽

Brendan Lantz

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

United Kingdom ◽

Hate Crime ◽

The United States ◽

Hate Crimes ◽

Crime Victimization ◽

The United Kingdom ◽

Victim Reporting ◽

National Comparison ◽

Using Data

Abstract Hate is a global phenomenon as evidenced by recent increases in hate crimes in both the United States and the United Kingdom; unfortunately, these crimes are also substantially underreported in both nations. Following this, this research presents an examination of racially motivated hate crimes and victim reporting to the police in both nations using data from the National Crime Victimization Survey and the Crime Survey of England and Wales from 2003 to 2015. Results indicate that, overall, victim reporting has been increasing in the United Kingdom and decreasing in the United States. Disaggregating by victim and offender race, however, reveals divergent trends such that anti-black hate crime victim reporting is increasing in the United States and decreasing in the United Kingdom. Policy and research implications are discussed.

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Lessons Across the Pond: Assisted Reproductive Technology in the United Kingdom and the United States

American Journal of Law & Medicine ◽

10.1177/009885880503100402 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 31 (4) ◽

pp. 419-446 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Alicia Ouellette ◽

Arthur Caplan ◽

Kelly Carroll ◽

James W. Fossett ◽

Dyrleif Bjarnadottir ◽

...

Keyword(s):

United Kingdom ◽

Success Rate ◽

Assisted Reproductive Technology ◽

Regulatory System ◽

The United States ◽

Reproductive Technology ◽

Embryo Research ◽

Human Embryos ◽

Success Rates ◽

The United Kingdom

Scholars of differing political affiliation and the President's Council on Bioethics have called for regulation of assisted reproductive technology (ART) that would emulate many aspects of the regulatory system of the United Kingdom, in particular that of the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority. Specifically, scholars and the Council have argued that research in the U.S. involving gametes and human embryos lacks consistent oversight. While the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) produces an annual ART success rate report, submission of data is guaranteed only by the promise that non-responders will be noted as such in the appendix of CDC's report, and most ART clinics publish success rates on the Internet in a much more recognized forum: website advertising. Moreover, U.S. law does not require licensing or accreditation of infertility programs and few regulations govern embryo research. While the large majority of clinics report their success rate data, and many follow practice standards and apply for accreditation from private agencies, these practices are strictly voluntary. Clinics failing to report their success rates face no legal consequence.

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Commercial Public Service Broadcasting in the United Kingdom: Public Service Television, Regulation, and the Market

Television & New Media ◽

10.1177/1527476416677113 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 18 (7) ◽

pp. 639-654 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Phil Ramsey

Keyword(s):

United Kingdom ◽

Public Service ◽

Business Models ◽

Regulatory System ◽

Television System ◽

The Public ◽

The United Kingdom ◽

Communication Approach ◽

The Uk ◽

First Time

The commercial public service broadcasters (PSBs) in the United Kingdom (UK) make a significant contribution to the country’s public service television system, alongside the BBC. Operating under the UK communications regulator Ofcom, the commercial PSB channels ITV, Channel 4, and Channel 5 are required to broadcast varying levels of public service content. This places these channels in a different category to all other market broadcasters in the UK. By taking a critical political economy of communication approach, this article examines how the regulatory system functions to secure public service provision in television. A particular focus is placed on the first-run originations quotas, which govern the levels of programming that are originally produced or commissioned by a commercial PSB, and broadcast for the first time in the UK. It is argued that while fulfilling the public service remit, the commercial PSBs gain significant benefits that contribute to the underpinning of their business models.

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An Evaluation of Medicines Regulation

Medical Law International ◽

10.1177/096853329700200403 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 2 (4) ◽

pp. 315-336 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

S.J. Treece

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

United Kingdom ◽

Regulatory System ◽

The United States ◽

Medicinal Products ◽

Regulatory Structure ◽

Member States ◽

The United Kingdom ◽

Future System ◽

The Uk

The regulation of medicines in the United Kingdom has changed radically over the course of the last thirty years. Originally regulation was generally concerned with maintaining the quality and purity of drugs, investigations concerning the efficiency or safety of medicinal products are a more recent phenomenon. Regulation of medicine is now overseen by the European Union and licensing applications that are approved under this new scheme are likely to have wide implications not only for the Member States of the EU, but for non-Member States who have signed to the European Free Trade Agreement (EFTA), and possibly for producers of medicines in the United States. The regulatory system that currently applies in the UK, named the “Future System” of medicinal regulation came into being in January 1995. Although in its early days this paper examines the regulation of medicine in both the United Kingdom, and Europe; giving a broad outline of the new regulatory structure; and comparing and contrasting the way that Europe and the United States of America regulates and approves medicines. The final section considers the performance of the new regulatory structure by an examination of the first general report of the European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products, along with the results of a questionnaire survey conducted primarily with pharmaceutical manufacturers in the UK which aimed to elicit their views on how the new regulatory system is working, and whether it is operating to the standards which are expected of it.

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