Transition of Serotype 35B Pneumococci From Commensal to Prevalent Virulent Strain in Children

In our community-based prospective cohort study in young children, we observed a significant increase in pneumococcal serotype 35B nasopharyngeal (NP) commensal colonization during the 2011–2014 timeframe, but these strains were not associated with disease. Beginning in 2015 and continuing through to the present, the serotype 35B virulence changed, and it became the dominant bacteria isolated and associated with pneumococcal acute otitis-media (AOM) in our cohort. We performed comparative analyses of 250 35B isolates obtained from 140 children collected between 2006 and 2019. Changes in prevalence, clonal-complex composition, and antibiotic resistance were analyzed. Seventy-two (29%) of 35B isolates underwent whole-genome sequencing to investigate genomic changes associated with the shift in virulence that resulted in increased rates of 35B-associated AOM disease. 35B strains that were commensals and AOM disease-causing were mainly associated with sequence type (ST) 558. Antibiotic concentrations of β-lactams and ofloxacin necessary to inhibit growth of 35B strains rose significantly (2006–2019) (p<0.005). However, only isolates from the 35B/ST558 showed significant increases in MIC50 of penicillin and ofloxacin between the years 2006–2014 and 2015–2019 (p=0.007 and p<0.0001). One hundred thirty-eight SNPs located in 34 different genes were significantly associated with post-2015 strains. SNPs were found in nrdG (metal binding, 10%); metP and metN (ABC transporter, 9%); corA (Mg2+ transporter, 6%); priA (DNA replication, 5%); and on the enzymic gene ldcB (LD-carboxypeptidase, 3%). Pneumococcal serotype 35B strains was a common NP commensal during 2010–2014. In 2015, a shift in increasing number of AOM cases occurred in young children caused by 35B, that was associated with changes in genetic composition and antibiotic susceptibility.

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Clinical Impressions of How Young Children Use AAC at Home and in Child Care Settings: A Canadian Perspective

Perspectives on Augmentative and Alternative Communication ◽

10.1044/aac19.1.21 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

pp. 21-28

Author(s):

Kathryn Wishart

Keyword(s):

Child Care ◽

Young Children ◽

High Tech ◽

Speech Language Pathologists ◽

Cultural Backgrounds ◽

Community Based ◽

Multicultural Community ◽

Canadian Perspective ◽

Communication Devices ◽

Stakeholder Input

Abstract Speech-language pathologists, working in a multicultural, community-based environment for young children with special needs in Vancouver, Canada, collected information on 84 clients using AAC from a chart review. The speech-language pathologists collected additional usage information and attended a group interview to discuss barriers and facilitators of AAC. Thirty-one percent of the children were using AAC. Children aged between 16 and 72 months typically relied on multiple modes of communication, including sign, communication boards and binders, and low- and high-tech communication devices. All of the children used at least one type of unaided mode. Fifty-five percent used pictures or communication boards/displays, and 29% used technology with speech output. Similarities in usage of AAC were noted in home and child-care settings with increased use of unaided in homes and a slightly increased use of aided communication in child care settings. Speech-language pathologists reported that the time needed for AAC intervention as well as limited funding for high-tech devices continue to be major barriers. Additional research is needed to describe current AAC practices with young children particularly from minority linguistic and cultural backgrounds. Stakeholder input is needed to explore perceptions of children's usage of AAC in daily life with familiar and unfamiliar communication partners.

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Pneumococcal serotype 19A is the major cause of pediatric acute otitis media with ruptured tympanic membrane in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 5 years after the introduction of the ten-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine

International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology ◽

10.1016/j.ijporl.2019.109638 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 126 ◽

pp. 109638

Author(s):

Abel Abera Negash ◽

Daniel Asrat ◽

Workeabeba Abebe ◽

Tewodros Hailemariam ◽

Meseret Gebre ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Tympanic Membrane ◽

Otitis Media ◽

Conjugate Vaccine ◽

Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine ◽

Addis Ababa ◽

Acute Otitis Media ◽

Pneumococcal Serotype

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Amoxicillin treatment increases rate of late recurrence of acute otitis media in young children

The Journal of Pediatrics ◽

10.1016/j.jpeds.2009.09.057 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 156 (1) ◽

pp. 163

Author(s):

Petri S. Mattila

Keyword(s):

Young Children ◽

Otitis Media ◽

Acute Otitis Media ◽

Late Recurrence

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The cultural spaces of young children: Care, play and learning patterns in early childhood among the Guji people of Ethiopia

Global Studies of Childhood ◽

10.1177/2043610618817317 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 42-55 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Tadesse Jaleta Jirata

Keyword(s):

Early Childhood ◽

Young Children ◽

Early Childhood Development ◽

Childhood Development ◽

Community Based ◽

Rural Villages ◽

Social Actors ◽

Ethnographic Fieldwork ◽

Learning Patterns ◽

Cultural Spaces

In this article, I address African indigenous knowledge of early childhood development by discussing young children’s cultural spaces of care, play and learning among the Guji people of Ethiopia. I analyze practices in the cultural spaces of young children and show how participatory community-based care and learning are pivotal in the tradition of early childhood development in the Guji people. Furthermore, I present the features of play and learning traditions in which young children are social actors in sustaining social interaction and stability in their neighborhoods. My discussion is based on data drawn from 10 months ethnographic fieldwork carried out in the rural villages of the Guji people.

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