scholarly journals Cues for Directional Hearing in the Fly Ormia ochracea

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew C. Mason
Keyword(s):  
Arrival Time ◽  
High Accuracy ◽  
Sound Stimulus ◽  
Directional Hearing ◽  
Neural Responses ◽  
Ormia Ochracea ◽  
Parasitoid Species ◽  
Interaural Time Differences ◽  
Internal Parasites ◽  
Interaural Level Differences

Insects are often small relative to the wavelengths of sounds they need to localize, which presents a fundamental biophysical problem. Understanding novel solutions to this limitation can provide insights for biomimetic technologies. Such an approach has been successful using the fly Ormia ochracea (Diptera: Tachinidae) as a model. O. ochracea is a parasitoid species whose larvae develop as internal parasites within crickets (Gryllidae). In nature, female flies find singing male crickets by phonotaxis, despite severe constraints on directional hearing due to their small size. A physical coupling between the two tympanal membranes allows the flies to obtain information about sound source direction with high accuracy because it generates interaural time-differences (ITD) and interaural level differences (ILD) in tympanal vibrations that are exaggerated relative to the small arrival-time difference at the two ears, that is the only cue available in the sound stimulus. In this study, I demonstrate that pure time-differences in the neural responses to sound stimuli are sufficient for auditory directionality in O. ochracea.

scholarly journals Inhibition in the balance: binaurally coupled inhibitory feedback in sound localization circuitry

2011 ◽  
Vol 106 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Michael Burger ◽  
Iwao Fukui ◽  
Harunori Ohmori ◽  
Edwin W. Rubel
Keyword(s):  
Sound Localization ◽  
Arrival Time ◽  
Dynamic Range ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Neural Circuitry ◽  
Significant Progress ◽  
Interaural Time Differences ◽  
Inhibitory Function ◽  
Inhibitory Feedback ◽  
Auditory Systems

Interaural time differences (ITDs) are the primary cue animals, including humans, use to localize low-frequency sounds. In vertebrate auditory systems, dedicated ITD processing neural circuitry performs an exacting task, the discrimination of microsecond differences in stimulus arrival time at the two ears by coincidence-detecting neurons. These neurons modulate responses over their entire dynamic range to sounds differing in ITD by mere hundreds of microseconds. The well-understood function of this circuitry in birds has provided a fruitful system to investigate how inhibition contributes to neural computation at the synaptic, cellular, and systems level. Our recent studies in the chicken have made significant progress in bringing together many of these findings to provide a cohesive picture of inhibitory function.

Mechanically coupled ears for directional hearing in the parasitoid fly Ormia ochracea

1995 ◽  
Vol 98 (6) ◽  
pp. 3059-3070 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. N. Miles ◽  
D. Robert ◽  
R. R. Hoy
Keyword(s):  
Directional Hearing ◽  
Ormia Ochracea

scholarly journals Information conveyed by inferior colliculus neurons about stimuli with aligned and misaligned sound localization cues

2011 ◽  
Vol 106 (2) ◽  
pp. 974-985 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sean J. Slee ◽  
Eric D. Young
Keyword(s):  
Inferior Colliculus ◽  
Sound Localization ◽  
Virtual Space ◽  
Central Nucleus ◽  
Single Neurons ◽  
Interaural Time Differences ◽  
Marmoset Monkey ◽  
Interaural Level Differences ◽  
Broadband Sound ◽  
Response Area

Previous studies have demonstrated that single neurons in the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus (ICC) are sensitive to multiple sound localization cues. We investigated the hypothesis that ICC neurons are specialized to encode multiple sound localization cues that are aligned in space (as would naturally occur from a single broadband sound source). Sound localization cues including interaural time differences (ITDs), interaural level differences (ILDs), and spectral shapes (SSs) were measured in a marmoset monkey. Virtual space methods were used to generate stimuli with aligned and misaligned combinations of cues while recording in the ICC of the same monkey. Mutual information (MI) between spike rates and stimuli for aligned versus misaligned cues were compared. Neurons with best frequencies (BFs) less than ∼11 kHz mostly encoded information about a single sound localization cue, ITD or ILD depending on frequency, consistent with the dominance of ear acoustics by either ITD or ILD at those frequencies. Most neurons with BFs >11 kHz encoded information about multiple sound localization cues, usually ILD and SS, and were sensitive to their alignment. In some neurons MI between stimuli and spike responses was greater for aligned cues, while in others it was greater for misaligned cues. If SS cues were shifted to lower frequencies in the virtual space stimuli, a similar result was found for neurons with BFs <11 kHz, showing that the cue interaction reflects the spectra of the stimuli and not a specialization for representing SS cues. In general the results show that ICC neurons are sensitive to multiple localization cues if they are simultaneously present in the frequency response area of the neuron. However, the representation is diffuse in that there is not a specialization in the ICC for encoding aligned sound localization cues.

Biomimetic Antenna Arrays Based on the Directional Hearing Mechanism of the Parasitoid Fly Ormia Ochracea

2013 ◽  
Vol 61 (5) ◽  
pp. 2500-2510 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amir R. Masoumi ◽  
Yazid Yusuf ◽  
Nader Behdad
Keyword(s):  
Antenna Arrays ◽  
Directional Hearing ◽  
Ormia Ochracea

scholarly journals Crocodiles use both interaural level differences and interaural time differences to locate a sound source

2020 ◽  
Vol 148 (4) ◽  
pp. EL307-EL313
Author(s):  
L. Papet ◽  
M. Raymond ◽  
N. Boyer ◽  
N. Mathevon ◽  
N. Grimault
Keyword(s):  
Sound Source ◽  
Interaural Time Differences ◽  
Interaural Level Differences

scholarly journals Potential of MCP Based Photodetecting Systems for High Accuracy Astronomical Object's Observation

1995 ◽  
Vol 166 ◽  
pp. 366-366
Author(s):  
I.D. Rodionov ◽  
M. Yu. Knizhnikov ◽  
E.B. Solomatin
Keyword(s):  
Arrival Time ◽  
Photon Counting ◽  
High Accuracy ◽  
Microchannel Plate ◽  
Accumulation Mode ◽  
Incoming Photon ◽  
Counting Mode ◽  
Photon Counting Mode ◽  
Ccd Arrays ◽  
The Ideal

An ideal receiver of radiation should record the arrival time and coordinates of each incoming photon. Available CCD arrays (accumulation mode) and microchannel plate detectors (photon counting mode) are mere approximations to the ideal configuration.

Directional hearing by mechanical coupling in the parasitoid fly Ormia ochracea

1996 ◽  
Vol 179 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Robert ◽  
R.N. Miles ◽  
R.R. Hoy
Keyword(s):  
Directional Hearing ◽  
Ormia Ochracea ◽  
Mechanical Coupling

scholarly journals 3D-imaging inspired improvements to hearing model in parasitoid fly Ormia ochracea

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Max Mikel-Stites ◽  
Mary Salcedo ◽  
John J. Socha ◽  
Paul E. Marek ◽  
Anne E. Staples
Keyword(s):  
Hearing Aids ◽  
3D Imaging ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
High Accuracy ◽  
Sound Waves ◽  
Ormia Ochracea ◽  
Sound Sources ◽  
3D Images ◽  
Spatially Varying ◽  
Do So

Although most binaural organisms localize sound sources using neurological structures to amplify the sounds they hear, some animals use mechanically coupled hearing organs to do so. One example, the parasitoid fly Ormia ochracea, has astoundingly accurate sound localization abilities and can locate objects in the azimuthal plane with a precision of 2°, equal to that of humans. This is accomplished despite an intertympanal distance of only 1.2 mm, which is about 1/100th of the wavelength of the sound emitted by the crickets that it parasitizes. In 1995, Miles et al. developed a model for hearing mechanics in O. Ochracea, which works well for incoming sound angles of less than ±30°, but suffers from reduced accuracy at higher angles. Despite this, it has served as the basis for multiple bio-inspired microphone designs for decades. Here, we present critical modifications to the classic O. ochracea hearing model based on information from 3D reconstructions of O. ochracea's tympana. The 3D images reveal that the tympana have curved lateral faces in addition to the flat front-facing prosternal membranes represented in the 1995 model. To mimic these faces, we incorporated spatially varying spring and damper coefficients that respond asymmetrically to incident sound waves, making a new quasi-two-dimensional (q2D) model. This q2D model has high accuracy (average errors of less than 10%) for the entire range of incoming sound angles. This improved biomechanical hearing model can inform the development of new technologies and may help to play a key role in developing improved hearing aids.

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