scholarly journals Evidences of Z- and W-Linked Regions on the Genome of Fenneropenaeus chinensis

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiong Wang ◽  
Jianjian Lv ◽  
Xianyun Ren ◽  
Jiajia Wang ◽  
Shaoting Jia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
Sex Differentiation ◽  
Fenneropenaeus Chinensis ◽  
Specific Region ◽  
Fixation Index ◽  
W Chromosome ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Female Specific ◽  
Specific Sequences

Fenneropenaeus chinensis is a commercially cultured shrimp in China. F. chinensis adults show significant sexual dimorphism, with larger females than males. However, sex determination (SD) of F. chinensis has not yet been elucidated. Clarification of the sex-determining system of F. chinensis could enrich our knowledge of the sex differentiation mechanism in crustaceans and facilitate the study of sex-controlling technologies. Here, we studied the sex-determining system of F. chinensis using the fixation index (FST) between the sexes to detect the genetic differentiation in resequencing data of multiple males and females. We located the candidate sex chromosome in the genome of F. chinensis and concluded the female heterogametic (ZW) SD system. We also assembled female-specific sequences, which could be used as molecular markers to identify the sex of F. chinensis. However, the differentiation of the F. chinensis Z and W chromosome is limited. RNA-seq data detected many genes with male-biased expression in the Z-specific region, which possibly could further intensify the divergency between the Z and W chromosomes.

scholarly journals Identification of the sex chromosome system in a sand fly species, Lutzomyia longipalpis s.l.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felipe M Vigoder ◽  
Luciana O Araripe ◽  
Antonio Bernardo Carvalho
Keyword(s):  
Sex Chromosomes ◽  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
Morphological Difference ◽  
Sand Fly ◽  
Lutzomyia Longipalpis ◽  
Sex Chromosome System ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Heterogametic Sex ◽  
Visceral Leishmaniosis ◽  
Specific Sequences

Abstract In many animal species sex determination is accomplished by heterogamety i.e., one of the sexes produces two types of gametes, which upon fertilization will direct the development towards males or females. Both male (“XY”) and female (“ZW”) heterogamety are known to occur and can be easily distinguished when the sex-chromosomes are morphologically different. However, this approach fails in cases of homomorphic sex chromosomes, such as the sand fly Lutzomyia longipalpis s.l. (Psychodidae, Diptera), which is the main vector of visceral leishmaniosis in Brazil. In order to identify the heterogametic sex in L. longipalpis s.l., we did a whole genome sequencing of males and females separately and used the “Y chromosome Genome Scan” (YGS) method to find sex-specific sequences. Our results, which were confirmed by PCR, show that L. longipalpis s.l. has XY system. The YGS method can be especially useful in situations in which no morphological difference is observed in the sex-chromosomes or when fresh specimens are not readily available.

scholarly journals The avian W chromosome is a refugium for endogenous retroviruses with likely effects on female-biased mutational load and genetic incompatibilities

2021 ◽  
Vol 376 (1833) ◽  
pp. 20200186
Author(s):  
Valentina Peona ◽  
Octavio M. Palacios-Gimenez ◽  
Julie Blommaert ◽  
Jing Liu ◽  
Tri Haryoko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
Gene Dosage ◽  
Endogenous Retroviruses ◽  
Mass Spectrometry Data ◽  
Mutational Load ◽  
W Chromosome ◽  
Haldane’S Rule ◽  
Haldane's Rule ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Female Specific

It is a broadly observed pattern that the non-recombining regions of sex-limited chromosomes (Y and W) accumulate more repeats than the rest of the genome, even in species like birds with a low genome-wide repeat content. Here, we show that in birds with highly heteromorphic sex chromosomes, the W chromosome has a transposable element (TE) density of greater than 55% compared to the genome-wide density of less than 10%, and contains over half of all full-length (thus potentially active) endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) of the entire genome. Using RNA-seq and protein mass spectrometry data, we were able to detect signatures of female-specific ERV expression. We hypothesize that the avian W chromosome acts as a refugium for active ERVs, probably leading to female-biased mutational load that may influence female physiology similar to the ‘toxic-Y’ effect in Drosophila males. Furthermore, Haldane's rule predicts that the heterogametic sex has reduced fertility in hybrids. We propose that the excess of W-linked active ERVs over the rest of the genome may be an additional explanatory variable for Haldane's rule, with consequences for genetic incompatibilities between species through TE/repressor mismatches in hybrids. Together, our results suggest that the sequence content of female-specific W chromosomes can have effects far beyond sex determination and gene dosage. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Challenging the paradigm in sex chromosome evolution: empirical and theoretical insights with a focus on vertebrates (Part II)’.

B-chromosome origin in the endemic New Zealand frog Leiopelma hochstetteri through sex chromosome devolution

Genome ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy F Sharbel ◽  
David M Green ◽  
Andreas Houben
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
Rapid Change ◽  
B Chromosome ◽  
B Chromosomes ◽  
Island Populations ◽  
Repeat Sequences ◽  
Degenerate Oligonucleotide ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Specific Sequences

The endemic New Zealand frog Leiopelma hochstetteri has variable numbers of mitotically stable B chromosomes. To assess whether the B chromosomes were derived from the autosome complement, they were isolated by micromanipulation and their DNA amplified by degenerate oligonucleotide primed PCR. Southern hybridizations of B chromosome DNA probes to genomic DNA from males and females characterized by differing numbers of B chromosomes demonstrated that the B chromosomes were derived from the univalent W sex chromosome characteristic of North Island populations. The presence of homologous B chromosome specific sequences from geographically distinct populations indicates a single origin of the B chromosomes. Furthermore, a primitive homology shared by B chromosomes and the W sex chromosome from an ancestral WZ/ZZ karyotype, which is still present in frogs from Great Barrier Island, shows that the B chromosomes originated soon after the univalent W sex chromosome had originated. Sequence analysis revealed that B chromosome DNA is composed of repeat sequences and has the potential to form stable hairpin structures. The molecular dynamics of these structures may reflect an inherent propensity to undergo rapid change in nucleotide sequence and chromosome structure.

scholarly journals Transcriptional Profiles of Diploid Mutant Apis mellifera Embryos after Knockout of csd by CRISPR/Cas9

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 704
Author(s):  
Xiuxiu Wang ◽  
Yan Lin ◽  
Liqiang Liang ◽  
Haiyang Geng ◽  
Meng Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Honey Bees ◽  
Troponin T ◽  
Sex Differentiation ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Target Sequence ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Apolipophorin Iii ◽  
Primary Signal ◽  
Males And Females

In honey bees, complementary sex determiner (csd) is the primary signal of sex determination. Its allelic composition is heterozygous in females, and hemizygous or homozygous in males. To explore the transcriptome differences after sex differentiation between males and females, with genetic differences excluded, csd in fertilized embryos was knocked out by CRISPR/Cas9. The diploid mutant males at 24 h, 48 h, 72 h, and 96 h after egg laying (AEL) and the mock-treated females derived from the same fertilized queen were investigated through RNA-seq. Mutations were detected in the target sequence in diploid mutants. The diploid mutant drones had typical male morphological characteristics and gonads. Transcriptome analysis showed that several female-biased genes, such as worker-enriched antennal (Wat), vitellogenin (Vg), and some venom-related genes, were down-regulated in the diploid mutant males. In contrast, some male-biased genes, such as takeout and apolipophorin-III-like protein (A4), had higher expressions in the diploid mutant males. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) indicated that there might be interactions between csd and fruitless (fru), feminizer (fem) and hexamerin 70c (hex70c), transformer-2 (tra2) and troponin T (TpnT). The information provided by this study will benefit further research on the sex dimorphism and development of honey bees and other insects in Hymenoptera.

Polymorphic minisatellite amplified on avian W chromosome

Genome ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 489-493 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia P. Rabenold ◽  
Walter H. Piper ◽  
Mark D. Decker ◽  
Dennis J. Minchella
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
Large Female ◽  
W Chromosome ◽  
Total Molecular Weight ◽  
Specific Fragment ◽  
Female Specific ◽  
Hypervariable Loci ◽  
Pairing Region ◽  
Campylorhynchus Nuchalis

Jeffrey's minisatellite probe 33.15, which screens dozens of hypervariable loci throughout the genome, detects female-specific fragments in stripe-backed wrens (Campylorhynchus nuchalis). HaeIII subdivides the single large female-specific fragment observed with other enzymes into a polymorphic suite of fragments of similar total molecular weight among patterns. Sex-linked HaeIII haplotypes are perfectly transmitted from mother to daughter but not to sons. These results suggest that the female-specific HaeIII fragments represent variable subunits of a single long tandem repetitive array composed of approximately 20-bp repetitive units located outside the pairing region of the W chromosome. That sex-linked fragments do not occur in the congener Campylorhynchus griseus suggests that their entrapment and amplification on the W chromosome in C. nuchalis occurred since the divergence of the two species.Key words: minisatellites, sex chromosome, W chromosome, amplification.

scholarly journals Transition from environmental to partial genetic sex determination in Daphnia through the evolution of a female-determining incipient W-chromosome

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Céline M.O. Reisser ◽  
Dominique Fasel ◽  
Evelin Hürlimann ◽  
Marinela Dukič ◽  
Cathy Haag-Liautard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Determination ◽  
Sex Chromosomes ◽  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
Sex Differentiation ◽  
Genomic Region ◽  
Additional Restriction ◽  
W Chromosome ◽  
Recombination Suppression ◽  
Evolutionary Transitions ◽  
Dominant Female

AbstractSex chromosomes can evolve during the evolution of genetic sex determination (GSD) from environmental sex determination (ESD). Despite theoretical attention, early mechanisms involved in the transition from ESD to GSD have yet to be studied in nature. No mixed ESD-GSD animal species have been reported, except for some species of Daphnia, small freshwater crustaceans in which sex is usually determined solely by the environment, but in which a dominant female sex-determining locus is present in some populations. This locus follows Mendelian single-locus inheritance, but has otherwise not been characterized genetically. We now show that the sex-determining genomic region maps to the same low-recombining peri-centromeric region of linkage group 3 (LG3) in three highly divergent populations of D. magna, and spans 3.6 Mb. Despite low levels of recombination, the associated region contains signs of historical recombination, suggesting a role for selection acting on several genes thereby maintaining linkage disequilibrium among the 36 associated SNPs. The region carries numerous genes involved in sex differentiation in other taxa, including transformer2 and sox9. Taken together, the region determining the NMP phenotype shows characteristics of a sex-related supergene, suggesting that LG3 is potentially an incipient W chromosome despite the lack of significant additional restriction of recombination between Z and W. The occurrence of the female-determining locus in a pre-existing low recombining region illustrates one possible form of recombination suppression in sex chromosomes. D. magna is a promising model for studying the evolutionary transitions from ESD to GSD and early sex chromosome evolution.

scholarly journals Genetic architecture and sex-specific selection govern modular, male-biased evolution of doublesex

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. eaau3753 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saurav Baral ◽  
Gandhimathi Arumugam ◽  
Riddhi Deshmukh ◽  
Krushnamegh Kunte
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differentiation ◽  
Protein Structures ◽  
Modular Architecture ◽  
Master Regulators ◽  
Exon Level ◽  
Developmental Role ◽  
Conserved Gene ◽  
Female Specific ◽  
Male Specific ◽  
Specific Sequences

doublesex regulates early embryonic sex differentiation in holometabolous insects, along with the development of species-, sex-, and morph-specific adaptations during pupal stages. How does a highly conserved gene with a critical developmental role also remain functionally dynamic enough to gain ecologically important adaptations that are divergent in sister species? We analyzed patterns of exon-level molecular evolution and protein structural homology of doublesex from 145 species of four insect orders representing 350 million years of divergence. This analysis revealed that evolution of doublesex was governed by a modular architecture: Functional domains and female-specific regions were highly conserved, whereas male-specific sequences and protein structures evolved up to thousand-fold faster, with sites under pervasive and/or episodic positive selection. This pattern of sex bias was reversed in Hymenoptera. Thus, highly conserved yet dynamic master regulators such as doublesex may partition specific conserved and novel functions in different genic modules at deep evolutionary time scales.

scholarly journals Absence of W Chromosome in Psychidae Moths and Implications for the Theory of Sex Chromosome Evolution in Lepidoptera

Genes ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1016
Author(s):  
Martina Hejníčková ◽  
Petr Koutecký ◽  
Pavel Potocký ◽  
Irena Provazníková ◽  
Anna Voleníková ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genome Size ◽  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
Phylogenetic Position ◽  
Z Chromosome ◽  
Comparative Genomic ◽  
W Chromosome ◽  
Sex Chromatin ◽  
Sex Chromosome System ◽  
The Common ◽  
Female Specific

Moths and butterflies (Lepidoptera) are the largest group with heterogametic females. Although the ancestral sex chromosome system is probably Z0/ZZ, most lepidopteran species have the W chromosome. When and how the W chromosome arose remains elusive. Existing hypotheses place the W origin either at the common ancestor of Ditrysia and Tischeriidae, or prefer independent origins of W chromosomes in these two groups. Due to their phylogenetic position at the base of Ditrysia, bagworms (Psychidae) play an important role in investigating the W chromosome origin. Therefore, we examined the W chromosome status in three Psychidae species, namely Proutia betulina, Taleporia tubulosa, and Diplodoma laichartingella, using both classical and molecular cytogenetic methods such as sex chromatin assay, comparative genomic hybridization (CGH), and male vs. female genome size comparison by flow cytometry. In females of all three species, no sex chromatin was found, no female-specific chromosome regions were revealed by CGH, and a Z-chromosome univalent was observed in pachytene oocytes. In addition, the genome size of females was significantly smaller than males. Overall, our study provides strong evidence for the absence of the W chromosome in Psychidae, thus supporting the hypothesis of two independent W chromosome origins in Tischeriidae and in advanced Ditrysia.

scholarly journals Silkworm genetic sexing through W chromosome-linked, targeted gene integration

2018 ◽  
Vol 115 (35) ◽  
pp. 8752-8756 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhongjie Zhang ◽  
Baolong Niu ◽  
Dongfeng Ji ◽  
Muwang Li ◽  
Kai Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
Essential Gene ◽  
Rapd Marker ◽  
F1 Hybrids ◽  
Marker Genes ◽  
W Chromosome ◽  
Genetic Sexing ◽  
Gene Integration ◽  
Female Specific ◽  
Targeted Gene Integration

Sex separation methods are critical for genetic sexing systems in commercial insect production and sterile insect techniques. Integration of selectable marker genes into a sex chromosome is particularly useful in insects with a heterogametic sex determination system. Here, we describe targeted gene integration of fluorescent marker expression cassettes into a randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) marker region in the W chromosome of the lepidopteran model insect Bombyx mori using transcriptional activator-like effector nuclease (TALEN)–mediated genome editing. This silkworm strain shows ubiquitous female-specific red or green fluorescence from the embryonic to adult stages. Furthermore, we developed a binary, female-specific, embryonic lethality system combining the TALEN and the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) technology. This system includes one strain with TALEN-mediated, W-specific Cas9 expression driven by the silkworm germ cell-specific nanos (nos) promoter and another strain with U6-derived single-guide RNA (sgRNA) expression targeting transformer 2 (tra2), an essential gene for silkworm embryonic development. Filial 1 (F1) hybrids exhibit complete female-specific lethality during embryonic stages. Our study provides a promising approach for B. mori genetic sexing and sheds light on developing sterile insect techniques in other insect species, especially in lepidopteran pests with WZ/ZZ sex chromosome systems.

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